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Application of WRF/Chem over East Asia: Part I. Model evaluation and intercomparison with MM5/CMAQ

机译：WRF / Chem在东亚的应用：第一部分：模型评估和与MM5 / CMAQ的比对

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摘要

In this work, the application of the online-coupled Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF/Chem) version 3.3.1 is evaluated over East Asia for January, April, July, and October 2005 and compared with results from a previous application of an offline model system, i.e., the Mesoscale Model and Community Multiple Air Quality modeling system (MM5/CMAQ). The evaluation of WRF/Chem is performed using multiple observational datasets from satellites and surface networks in mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan. WRF/Chem simulates well specific humidity (Q2) and downward longwave and shortwave radiation (GLW and GSW) with normalized mean biases (NMBs) within 24%, but shows moderate to large biases for temperature at 2-m (T2) (NMBs of 9.8% to 75.6%) and precipitation (NMBs of 11.4-92.7%) for some months, and wind speed at 10-m (WS10) (NMBs of 66.5 -101%), for all months, indicating some limitations in the YSU planetary boundary layer scheme, the Purdue Lin cloud microphysics, and the Grell-Devenyi ensemble scheme. WRF/Chem can simulate the column abundances of gases reasonably well with NMBs within 30% for most months but moderately to significantly underpredicts the surface concentrations of major species at all sites in nearly all months with NMBs of -72% to -53.8% for CO, -99.4% to -61.7% for NOx, -84.2% to -44.5% for SO2, -63.9% to -25.2% for PM2.5, and -68.9% to 33.3% for PM10, and aerosol optical depth in all months except for October with NMBs of -38.7% to -16.2%. The model significantly overpredicts surface concentrations of O-3 at most sites in nearly all months with NMBs of up to 1603% and NO3- at the Tsinghua site in all months. Possible reasons for large underpredictions include underestimations in the anthropogenic emissions of CO, SO2, and primary aerosol, inappropriate vertical distributions of emissions of SO2 and NO2, uncertainties in upper boundary conditions (e.g., for O-3 and CO), missing or inaccurate model representations (e.g., secondary organic aerosol formation, gas/particle partitioning, dust emissions, dry and wet deposition), and inaccurate meteorological fields (e.g., overpredictions in WS10 and precipitation, but underpredictions in T2), as well as the large uncertainties in satellite retrievals (e.g., for column SO2). Comparing to MM5, WRF generally gives worse performance in meteorological predictions, in particular, 12, WS10, GSW, GLW, and cloud fraction in all months, as well as Q2 and precipitation in January and October, due to limitations in the above physics schemes or parameterizations. Comparing to CMAQ, WRF/Chem performs better for surface CO, O-3, and PM10 concentrations at most sites in most months, column CO and SO2 abundances, and AOD. It, however, gives poorer performance for surface NO concentrations at most sites in most months, surface SO2 concentrations at all sites in all months, and column NO2 abundances in January and April. WRF/Chem also gives lower concentrations of most secondary PM and black carbon. Those differences in results are attributed to differences in simulated meteorology, gas-phase chemistry, aerosol thermodynamic and dynamic treatments, dust and sea salt emissions, and wet and dry deposition treatments in both models. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：在这项工作中，2005年1月，4月，7月和2005年10月在东亚对带有化学（WRF / Chem）版本3.3.1的在线耦合天气研究和预报模型的应用进行了评估，并与先前应用的结果进行了比较离线模型系统，即中尺度模型和社区多种空气质量模型系统（MM5 / CMAQ）。使用来自中国大陆，香港，台湾和日本的卫星和地面网络的多个观测数据集，可以对WRF / Chem进行评估。 WRF / Chem模拟井的特定湿度（Q2）以及向下的长波和短波辐射（GLW和GSW），归一化平均偏差（NMBs）在24％以内，但在2-m（T2）的温度下显示中等到大偏差（NMBs几个月的降水量（9.8％至75.6％）和降水量（NMB为11.4-92.7％），所有月份的风速均为10-m（WS10）（NMBs为66.5 -101％），这表明YSU行星有一些局限性边界层方案，Purdue Lin云微物理学和Grell-Devenyi集成方案。 WRF / Chem可以在大多数月份中使用NMB在30％以内合理地很好地模拟气体的柱丰度，但是在几乎所有月份中，中度到严重低估了所有站点所有主要物种的表面浓度，其中NMB对于CO的-72％至-53.8％ ，所有月份的NOx值分别为-99.4％至-61.7％，SO2 -84.2％至-44.5％，PM2.5 -63.9％至-25.2％和PM10 -68.9％至33.3％，以及气溶胶光学深度除了十月份的NMB为-38.7％至-16.2％。该模型几乎在几乎所有月份中都高估了大多数站点中O-3的表面浓度，NMB高达1603％，而在清华站点中的NO3-则在所有月份中。大量低估的可能原因包括：人为排放的CO，SO2和主要气溶胶的低估，SO2和NO2排放的垂直分布不适当，上限条件（例如O-3和CO）的不确定性，模型缺失或不准确表示形式（例如，二次有机气溶胶形成，气体/颗粒分配，粉尘排放，干沉降和湿沉降）和不准确的气象领域（例如，WS10和降水的高估，但T2的低估）以及卫星的巨大不确定性检索（例如，对于SO2列）。与MM5相比，由于上述物理方案的局限性，WRF通常在气象预测中表现较差，特别是在所有月份的12，WS10，GSW，GLW和云量百分比以及在1月和10月的Q2和降水量方面的表现更差。或参数化。与CMAQ相比，WRF / Chem在大多数月份的大多数站点中的表面CO，O-3和PM10浓度，色谱柱CO和SO2含量以及AOD方面表现更好。但是，对于大多数月份中大多数站点的表面NO浓度，所有月份所有站点的表面SO2浓度以及一月和四月的NO2柱丰度，它的性能都较差。 WRF / Chem还可以降低大多数次级PM和黑碳的浓度。这些结果的差异归因于两种模型在模拟气象，气相化学，气溶胶热力学和动态处理，粉尘和海盐排放以及干湿法处理方面的差异。 （C）2015 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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  • 来源
    《Atmospheric environment》 |2016年第janaptab期|285-300|共16页
  • 作者

    Zhang Yang; Zhang Xin; Wang Litao; Zhang Qiang; Duan Fengkui; He Kebin;

  • 作者单位

    N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA|Collaborat Innovat Ctr Reg Environm Qual, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China;

    N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA;

    Hebei Univ Engn, Dept Environm Engn, Handan 056038, Hebei, Peoples R China;

    Collaborat Innovat Ctr Reg Environm Qual, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China|Tsinghua Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Being 100084, Peoples R China;

    Tsinghua Univ, Sch Environm, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China;

    Collaborat Innovat Ctr Reg Environm Qual, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China|Tsinghua Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Being 100084, Peoples R China|Tsinghua Univ, Sch Environm, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    WRF/Chem; MM5/CMAQ; East Asia; Model evaluation; Model intercomparison;

    机译：WRF / Chem;MM5 / CMAQ;东亚;模型评估;模型比对;

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