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Black carbon and the Himalayan cryosphere: A review

机译：炭黑与喜马拉雅冰冻圈：回顾

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The Himalayan cryosphere borders global hotspots for emissions of black carbon (BC), a carbonaceous aerosol with a short atmospheric lifespan and potentially significant impacts on glaciers and snow cover. BC in the atmosphere absorbs radiation efficiently, leading to localized positive climate forcing. BC may also be deposited onto snow and ice surfaces, thereby changing their albedo. This review presents up-to-date observational data of BC in the atmosphere and in snow and ice, as well as its effects on the cryosphere in the Hindu-Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region along the northern edge of South Asia. Significant spatial variation exists in the measured concentrations of BC in the atmosphere and cryosphere. A strong seasonal pattern exists, with highest concentrations in the pre-monsoon and lowest during the monsoon. Existing observations show bias towards certain areas, with a noticeable lack of measurements on the south side of the Himalaya. Significant uncertainty persists in the emissions estimates of BC in the HKH region, with a standard deviation of regional emissions from various emission inventories of 0.5150 x 10(-9) kg m(-2) S-1, or 47.1% of the mean (1.0931 x 10(-9) kg m(-2) S-1). This and other uncertainties, including poor model resolution, imprecision in deposition modeling, and incongruities among measurement types, propagate through simulations of BC concentration in atmosphere and cryosphere. Modeled atmospheric concentrations can differ from observations by as much as a factor of three with no systematic bias, and modeled concentrations in snow and ice can differ from observations by a factor of 60 in certain regions. In the Himalaya, estimates of albedo change due to BC range from about 2 to 10%, estimates of direct radiative forcing due to BC in the atmosphere from (-2)-7 W m(-2), and surface forcing estimates from 0 to 28 W m(-2), though every forcing estimate uses its own definition, with varying degrees of complexity and numbers of feedbacks. We find the most important course of further study to be model verification, enabled by increasing observational data and in this region and consistent measurement protocol. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
机译：喜马拉雅冰冻圈毗邻全球热点地区，其排放的黑碳（BC）是一种碳质气溶胶，大气寿命短，对冰川和积雪的影响可能很大。大气中的卑诗省有效吸收辐射，导致局部正向气候强迫。 BC也可能沉积在雪和冰的表面上，从而改变它们的反照率。这篇综述介绍了大气，雪和冰中BC的最新观测数据，以及它对沿南亚北部边缘的Hindu-Kush-Himalayan（HKH）地区冰冻圈的影响。大气和冰冻圈中测得的BC浓度存在明显的空间变化。存在强烈的季节性模式，季风前浓度最高，季风时浓度最低。现有的观测结果显示偏向某些地区，在喜马拉雅山的南侧明显缺乏测量结果。 HKH地区BC省的排放量估计中仍然存在很大的不确定性，来自各种排放清单的区域排放量的标准差为0.5150 x 10（-9）kg m（-2）S-1，即平均值的47.1％（ 1.0931 x 10（-9）kg m（-2）S-1）。这种和其他不确定性，包括较差的模型分辨率，沉积模型的不精确性以及测量类型之间的不一致性，都是通过模拟大气和冰冻圈中BC浓度传播的。在没有系统偏差的情况下，模拟大气浓度可能与观测值相差三倍之多，在某些地区，在冰雪中模拟浓度可能与观测值相差60倍。在喜马拉雅山，由于BC造成的反照率变化的估计范围约为2％至10％，大气中BC造成的直接辐射强迫的估计范围为（-2）-7 W m（-2），表面强迫的估计值为0到28 W m（-2），尽管每个强迫估计都使用其自己的定义，但复杂程度和反馈次数却有所不同。我们发现，进一步的研究最重要的过程是模型验证，方法是通过增加观测数据，并在该区域和一致的测量协议中进行。 （C）2015年由Elsevier Ltd.出版

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