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On the feasibility of monitoring carbon monoxide in the lower troposphere from a constellation of northern hemisphere geostationary satellites: Global scale assimilation experiments (Part II)

机译：关于从北半球对地静止卫星星座监视低层对流层一氧化碳的可行性：全球规模同化实验（第二部分）

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This paper describes the second phase of an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) that utilizes the synthetic measurements from a constellation of satellites measuring atmospheric composition from geostationary (GEO) Earth orbit presented in part I of the study. Our OSSE is focused on carbon monoxide observations over North America, East Asia and Europe where most of the anthropogenic sources are located. Here we assess the impact of a potential GEO constellation on constraining northern hemisphere (NH) carbon monoxide (CO) using data assimilation. We show how cloud cover affects the GEO constellation data density with the largest cloud cover (i.e., lowest data density) occurring during Asian summer. We compare the modeled state of the atmosphere (Control Run), before CO data assimilation, with the known "true" state of the atmosphere (Nature Run) and show that our setup provides realistic atmospheric CO fields and emission budgets. Overall, the Control Run underestimates CO concentrations in the northern hemisphere, especially in areas close to CO sources. Assimilation experiments show that constraining CO close to the main anthropogenic sources significantly reduces errors in NH CO compared to the Control Run. We assess the changes in error reduction when only single satellite instruments are available as compared to the full constellation. We find large differences in how measurements for each continental scale observation system affect the hemispherical improvement in long-range transport patterns, especially due to seasonal cloud cover. A GEO constellation will provide the most efficient constraint on NH CO during winter when CO lifetime is longer and increments from data assimilation associated with source regions are advected further around the globe. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：本文介绍了观测系统模拟实验（OSSE）的第二阶段，该实验利用了研究第一部分中介绍的从对地静止（GEO）地球轨道测量大气成分的卫星星座中得到的综合测量结果。我们的OSSE专注于大多数人为源位于北美，东亚和欧洲的一氧化碳观测。在这里，我们使用数据同化评估潜在的GEO星座对约束北半球（NH）一氧化碳（CO）的影响。我们展示了云层覆盖如何影响亚洲夏季期间发生的最大云层覆盖（即最低数据密度）的GEO星座数据密度。我们将CO数据同化之前的模拟大气状态（控制运行）与已知的“真实”大气状态（自然运行）进行比较，并表明我们的设置提供了现实的大气CO场和排放预算。总体而言，控制运行低估了北半球的一氧化碳浓度，尤其是在靠近一氧化碳来源的地区。同化实验表明，与对照实验相比，将CO限制在主要的人为来源附近可大大减少NH CO的误差。与完整的星座图相比，当只有单个卫星仪器可用时，我们评估误差减少的变化。我们发现每个大陆尺度观测系统的测量结果如何影响远程运输模式的半球改善有很大差异，尤其是由于季节性的云层覆盖。在冬季，当CO寿命更长，并且与源区域相关的数据同化的增量进一步推向全球时，GEO星座将对NH CO提供最有效的约束。 （C）2016 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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