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Variation in characteristics of ambient particulate matter at eight locations in the Netherlands - The RAPTES project

机译：荷兰八个地方的环境颗粒物特征变化-RAPTES项目

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摘要

Numerous epidemiological studies have shown health effects related to short- and long-term exposure to elevated levels of ambient particulate matter (PM). It is not clear however which specific characteristics (e.g., size, components) or sources of PM are responsible for the observed effects. The aim of RAPTES (Risk of Airborne Particles: a Toxicological-Epidemiologica! hybrid Study) was to investigate which specific physical, chemical or oxidative characteristics of ambient PM are associated with adverse effects of PM on health. This was done by performing experimental exposure of human volunteers to air pollution at several real-world settings that had high contrast and low correlation between several PM characteristics. For this goal, eight sites in the Netherlands that differed in local PM emission sources were chosen for extensive air pollution characterization. Measurement sites included an underground train station, three different road traffic sites, an animal farm, a sea harbor, a site located in the vicinity of steelworks, and an urban background site. Five- to six-hours average concentration measurements at each site were made between June 2007 and October 2009. We measured PM10, PM2.5, particle number concentration (PNC), oxidative potential of PM, absorbance, endotoxin content, as well as elemental and chemical composition of PM, and gaseous pollutants concentrations. This paper presents a detailed characterization of particulate air pollution at the sampling sites. We found significant differences in all PM characteristics between the sites. The underground train station, compared to each outdoor location, had substantially higher concentrations of nearly all PM characteristics. The average PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations at the underground train station were 394 μg m~(-3) and 137 μg m~(-3), respectively, which was 14.1 and 7.6 times higher than the urban background. The sum of the concentrations of trace metals in fine and coarse PM was nearly 20 times above the outdoor levels. Elemental carbon (EC) was elevated at the underground site in the fine but also in the coarse mode, in contrast to the traffic sites where EC was predominantly found in fine PM. The highest concentrations and contrasts in PNC were at the traffic sites (between 45,000 and 80,000 particles cm-3), which was several times higher than measured at any other site. Correlations of PNC with metals, PM10, PM2.5 and absorbance were low to moderate, while correlations between PM10, PM2.5 and the metals Cu and Fe were high. After excluding the underground train station data, correlations between PM10, EC and metals decreased whereas the correlation between PNC and EC increased. We conclude that we were able to successfully identify and characterize real-world situations with very different particle characteristics. High contrast and low correlations between PM characteristics, as well as consistency of these differences across sampling campaigns, provide a good basis for identifying health relevant PM characteristics in the upcoming analysis.
机译：大量流行病学研究表明，短期和长期暴露于高水平的环境颗粒物（PM）相关的健康影响。然而，尚不清楚哪个特定的特征（例如，尺寸，成分）或PM的来源负责观察到的效果。 RAPTES（空气中颗粒物的风险：毒理学，流行病学混合研究）的目的是研究环境PM的哪些特定物理，化学或氧化特性与PM对健康的不良影响有关。这是通过在多个真实世界的环境中对人类志愿者进行实验性暴露而进行的，这些环境在多个PM特性之间具有高对比度和低相关性。为实现这一目标，选择了荷兰八个PM排放源不同的地点，以进行广泛的空气污染特征分析。测量站点包括一个地下火车站，三个不同的道路交通站点，一个动物农场，一个海港，一个位于钢厂附近的站点以及一个城市背景站点。在2007年6月至2009年10月之间，每个站点进行了5至6个小时的平均浓度测量。我们测量了PM10，PM2.5，颗粒数浓度（PNC），PM的氧化电位，吸光度，内毒素含量以及元素和PM的化学成分以及气态污染物的浓度。本文详细介绍了采样点的颗粒物空气污染特征。我们发现站点之间所有PM特性存在显着差异。与每个室外场所相比，地下火车站的几乎所有PM特性都具有较高的浓度。地下火车站的平均PM10和PM2.5质量浓度分别为394μgm〜（-3）和137μgm〜（-3），分别是城市背景的14.1和7.6倍。细颗粒和粗颗粒PM中痕量金属的总和比室外水平高出近20倍。与主要在细颗粒物中发现EC的交通站点相反，元素碳（EC）在地下站点中以细粒度但也以粗模式升高。 PNC中的最高浓度和对比度位于交通站点（45,000至80,000粒子cm-3之间），是其他任何站点所测得的几倍。 PNC与金属，PM10，PM2.5和吸光度的相关性低至中等，而PM10，PM2.5与金属Cu和Fe之间的相关性较高。排除地下火车站数据后，PM10，EC与金属之间的相关性降低，而PNC与EC之间的相关性增加。我们得出的结论是，我们能够成功地识别和表征具有非常不同的粒子特征的现实情况。 PM特征之间的高对比度和低相关性，以及各个采样活动之间这些差异的一致性，为在即将进行的分析中识别与健康相关的PM特征提供了良好的基础。

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  • 来源
    《Atmospheric environment》 |2011年第26期|p.4442-4453|共12页
  • 作者

    Maciej Strak; Maaike Steenhof; Krystal J. Godri; Use Gosens; Ian S. Mudway; Flemming R. Cassee; Erik Lebret; Bert Brunekreef; Frank J. Kelly; Roy M. Harrison; Gerard Hoek; Nicole A.H. Janssen;

  • 作者单位

    Centre for Environmental Health (MGO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3721 MA Bilthoven,The Netherlands,Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Jenalaan 18d, 3584 CK, Utrecht, The Netherlands;

    Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Jenalaan 18d, 3584 CK, Utrecht, The Netherlands;

    MRC-HPA Centre for Environmental Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK,Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;

    Centre for Environmental Health (MGO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3721 MA Bilthoven,The Netherlands;

    MRC-HPA Centre for Environmental Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK;

    Centre for Environmental Health (MGO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3721 MA Bilthoven,The Netherlands;

    Centre for Environmental Health (MGO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3721 MA Bilthoven,The Netherlands,Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Jenalaan 18d, 3584 CK, Utrecht, The Netherlands;

    Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Jenalaan 18d, 3584 CK, Utrecht, The Netherlands;

    MRC-HPA Centre for Environmental Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK;

    Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;

    Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Jenalaan 18d, 3584 CK, Utrecht, The Netherlands;

    Centre for Environmental Health (MGO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3721 MA Bilthoven,The Netherlands;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    air pollution; pm; monitoring; particle characteristics; underground; harbor;

    机译：空气污染pm监测颗粒物特征地下港口;

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