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Carbonaceous species emitted from handheld two-stroke engines

机译：手持式二冲程发动机排放的碳质物质

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Small, handheld two-stroke engines used for lawn and garden work (e.g., string trimmers, leaf blowers, etc.) can emit a variety of potentially toxic carbonaceous air pollutants. Yet, the emissions effluents from these machines go largely uncharacterized, constraining the proper development of human exposure estimates, emissions inventories, and climate and air quality models. This study samples and evaluates chemical pollutant emissions from the dynamometer testing of six small, handheld spark-ignition engines-model years 1998-2002. Four oil-gas blends were tested in each engine in duplicate. Emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and gas-phase hydrocarbons were predominant, and the PM emitted was organic matter primarily. An ANOVA model determined that engine type and control tier contributed significantly to emissions variations across all identified compound classes; whereas fuel blend was an insignificant variable accounting for < 5% of the observed variation in emissions. Though emissions rates from small engines were generally intermediate in magnitude compared with other gasoline-powered engines, numerous compounds traditionally viewed as motor vehicle markers are also present in small engine emissions in similar relative proportions. Given that small, handheld two-stroke engines used for lawn and garden work account for 5-10% of total US emissions of CO, CO_2, NO_x, HC, and PM_(2.5), source apportionment models and human exposure studies need to consider the effect of these small engines on ambient concentrations in air polluted environments.
机译：用于草坪和园艺工作的小型手持式二冲程发动机（例如，割草机，吹叶机等）会排放各种潜在有毒的碳质空气污染物。然而，这些机器的排放物基本上没有特征，限制了人类接触估计，排放清单以及气候和空气质量模型的正确制定。本研究通过对1998年至2002年这六款小型手持式火花点火发动机的功率计测试进行采样并评估化学污染物的排放。在每个发动机中一式两份测试了四种油气混合物。二氧化碳，一氧化碳和气相碳氢化合物的排放占主要地位，而所排放的PM主要是有机物。 ANOVA模型确定发动机类型和控制层对所有确定的化合物类别中的排放变化做出了重大贡献；而燃料混合是一个微不足道的变量，占观察到的排放变化的<5％。尽管与其他汽油动力发动机相比，小型发动机的排放量通常处于中等水平，但传统上被视为机动车标志物的许多化合物也以相似的相对比例存在于小型发动机的排放物中。鉴于用于草坪和园艺工作的小型手持式二冲程发动机占美国CO，CO_2，NO_x，HC和PM_（2.5）排放总量的5-10％，因此需要考虑源分配模型和人体暴露研究这些小型发动机对空气污染环境中环境浓度的影响。

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