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Indirect nitrous oxide emission from a nitrogen saturated spruce forest and general accuracy of the IPCC methodology

机译：氮饱和云杉林间接排放一氧化二氮和IPCC方法的一般准确性

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The relevance of indirect N_2O emission is a controversial topic which is subject to much uncertainty. Only a small number of studies measure the indirect N_2O emission at the interface from soil to stream. In addition, the majority of studies undertaken only cover a short-term period (< 1 year). Therefore, limited information is available regarding the influence of seasonal or event effects, nor is there much information as to whether indirect N_2O emissions are reflected by N_2O in soil solutions. The present study aimed at clarifying these two questions along with the general relevance of dissolved nitrous oxide. A wetness gradient involving soil solutions of different soil types and surface waters within an N-saturated forest catchment (3.2 ha) was monitored over a period of 1 year. N_2O concentrations in soil solutions (0.09-16.6 μg N l~(-1)) were affected by events such as dry-wet cycles but did not reflect to the actual, indirect N_2O emission at the soil-stream interface. It was assumed that N_2O emission was due to N transformation processes. The N_2O concentration at the spring was three times higher than the N_2O concentrations in the soil solutions. Nevertheless, indirect N_2O emission was still subordinate (< 1 %) to the direct emission of N_2O. The weekly amount of indirect N_2O emissions depended only on the stream flow rate (62% of the total annual amount). For this reason it was necessary to measure indirect N_2O emission at short intervals and at the interface between soil and stream over a longer time period. Our results and the results of the reviewed studies show that the default IPCC emission factor (EF5-g = 1.5%) overestimates the indirect N_2O emission from ecosystems. The emission factor should therefore be lowered to about 0.1-0.3%. In addition, the results indicate that indirect N_2O emission is an insignificant pathway in the N cycle of most ecosystems. However, final judgement will depend on long-term studies.
机译：间接N_2O排放的相关性是一个有争议的话题，存在很大的不确定性。只有少数研究测量从土壤到河流界面的间接N_2O排放。此外，大多数研究仅涵盖短期（<1年）。因此，关于季节或事件效应的影响的信息有限，关于土壤溶液中N_2O是否反映了间接N_2O排放的信息也很少。本研究旨在阐明这两个问题以及溶解的一氧化二氮的一般意义。在1年的时间内，监测了N饱和森林流域（3.2公顷）内涉及不同土壤类型和地表水的土壤溶液的湿度梯度。土壤溶液中的N_2O浓度（0.09-16.6μgN l〜（-1））受干湿循环等事件的影响，但并未反映出土壤流界面实际的间接N_2O排放。假定N_2O的排放是由于N的转化过程引起的。春季的N_2O浓度是土壤溶液中N_2O浓度的三倍。尽管如此，间接N_2O排放仍然低于（<1％）N_2O的直接排放。每周间接N_2O排放量仅取决于河流流量（占年总量的62％）。因此，有必要在较短的时间间隔内以及较长时间的土壤与河流之间的界面处测量间接N_2O排放。我们的结果和经过审查的研究结果表明，默认IPCC排放因子（EF5-g = 1.5％）高估了生态系统的间接N_2O排放。因此，排放因子应降低至约0.1-0.3％。此外，结果表明，在大多数生态系统的N循环中，间接N_2O排放是微不足道的。但是，最终的判断将取决于长期的研究。

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