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Elemental composition and reflectance of ambient fine particles at 21 European locations

机译:欧洲21个地点的环境细颗粒的元素组成和反射率

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We sampled fine particles (PM_(2.5)) over a 1-year period at 21 central urban monitoring sites in 20 cities of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). Particle filters were then analysed for elemental composition using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and reflectance (light absorption). Elemental analyses yielded valid results for 15 elements (Al, As, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Pb, S, Si, Ti, V, Zn). Annual and seasonal means of PM_(2.5), reflectance, and elements show a wide range across Europe with the lowest levels found in Iceland and up to 80 times higher concentrations in Northern Italy. This pattern holds for most of the air pollution indicators. The mass concentration of S did constitute the largest fraction of the analysed elements of PM_(2.5) in all locations. The crustal component varies from less than 10% up to 25% across these cities. Temporal correlations of daily values vary considerably from city to city, depending on the indicators compared. Nevertheless, correlations between estimates of long-term exposure, such as annual means, are generally high among indicators of PM_(2.5) from anthropogenic sources, such as S, metals, and reflectance. This highlights the difficulty to disentangle effects of specific sources or PM constituents in future health effect analyses using annual averages.
机译:我们在1年的时间里对欧洲共同体呼吸健康调查(ECRHS)的20个城市的21个中心城市监测点进行了微粒(PM_(2.5))采样。然后使用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法和反射率(光吸收)分析颗粒过滤器的元素组成。元素分析得出15种元素(Al,As,Br,Ca,Cl,Cu,Fe,K,Mn,Pb,S,Si,Ti,V,Zn)的有效结果。在整个欧洲,PM_(2.5),反射率和元素的年均和季节性平均值显示范围很广,冰岛的最低水平,而意大利北部的最高水平高达80倍。这种模式适用于大多数空气污染指标。 S的质量浓度确实构成了所有位置中PM_(2.5)分析元素的最大部分。这些城市的地壳成分从不到10%到25%不等。每日价值的时间相关性因城市而异,具体取决于所比较的指标。但是,在诸如S,金属和反射率等人为来源的PM_(2.5)指标中,长期暴露估计值(例如年平均值)之间的相关性通常很高。这凸显了在使用年度平均值进行的未来健康影响分析中,难以区分特定来源或PM成分的影响。

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