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Rainwater chemistry in the North Western Himalayan Region, India

机译：印度西北喜马拉雅山地区的雨水化学

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Precipitation chemistry studies were conducted at Kothi (32.31°N, 77.20°E), a rural Indian lo cation, in the North Western Himalayas during June to October of 2006 and 2007. The volume weighted mean pH values ranged from 5.16 to 6.36 with a mean of 5.68 ±0.26 indicating mostly alkaline precipitation events. However, 18% samples were found acidic due to domi nance of acidic components. The alkaline to acidic ions ratio (1.05) confirms that acidic com ponents are neutralized by alkali radicals in rainwater. Of the total ionic composition 159 μeq/1, in rainwater samples, dominant were Ca~(2+) (19%) followed by Na~+ (14%). Among the anions, Cl~- (17%) was slightly higher than SO_4~(2-) (16%) and NO_3~- (11%). The ratio (NO_3~- + Cl~-)/SO_4~(2-)) 1.05 indicates acidity in rainwater by the cumulative effects of HNO_3, H_2SO_4 and HCl. The ratios NH_4~+/NO_3~- as 0.76 and NH_4~+/SO_4~(2-)) as 0.50 show the pre-dominance of atmospheric NH_4NO_3 and (NH_4)_2SO_4. Significant correlation between Na~+ and Cl~-(r = 0.97; p<0.0001) and between SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- (r = 0.60; p<0.0001) indicates their ori gin from similar sources. Neutralization factor calculations show that Ca~(2+) plays a major role in the neutralizing processes. Enrichment factors indicate that Ca~(2+), SO_4~(2-) K~+ and Mg~(2+) were originated from non-marine sources. The principle component analysis indicates the influence of transportation of air-born primary and secondary particles on the chemical composition of rainwater.
机译：在2006年6月至10月和2007年6月至2007年10月期间，在印度西北部喜马拉雅山的乡村Kothi（32.31°N，77.20°E）进行了沉淀化学研究。体积加权平均pH值范围为5.16至6.36，平均值为5.68±0.26，表明大部分为碱性沉淀事件。但是，由于酸性成分的优势，发现有18％的样品呈酸性。碱离子与酸性离子的比率（1.05）证实酸性成分被雨水中的碱自由基中和。在总离子组成159μeq/ 1中，雨水样品中占主导地位的是Ca〜（2+）（19％），然后是Na〜+（14％）。在阴离子中，Cl〜-（17％）略高于SO_4〜（2-）（16％）和NO_3〜-（11％）。比值（NO_3〜-+ Cl〜-）/ SO_4〜（2-））1.05通过HNO_3，H_2SO_4和HCl的累积作用表明雨水呈酸性。比率NH_4〜+ / NO_3〜-为0.76，NH_4〜+ / SO_4〜（2-）为0.50，表示大气NH_4NO_3和（NH_4）_2SO_4占主导地位。 Na〜+和Cl〜-之间（r = 0.97; p <0.0001）以及SO_4〜（2-）和NO_3〜-（r = 0.60; p <0.0001）之间的显着相关性表明它们的来源相似。中和因子计算表明，Ca〜（2+）在中和过程中起主要作用。富集因子表明Ca〜（2 +），SO_4〜（2-）K〜+和Mg〜（2+）来源于非海洋来源。主成分分析表明，空气中初级和次级粒子的运输对雨水化学成分的影响。

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