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首页> 外文期刊>Atmospheric research >Snowpack sensitivity to temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation variability over an elevational gradient in the Iberian mountains
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Snowpack sensitivity to temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation variability over an elevational gradient in the Iberian mountains

机译：在伊比利亚山区的高度梯度上对温度，降水和太阳辐射变异性的敏感性

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In this study we investigated the sensitivity of the snowpack to increased temperature and short-wave radiation, and precipitation change along an elevation gradient (1500-2500 m a.s.l.) over the main mountain ranges of the Iberian Peninsula (Cantabrian Range, Central Range, Iberian Range, Pyrenees, and the Sierra Nevada). The output of a meso-atmospheric model (WRF) was used as forcing data in a physically-based energy and mass balance snowpack model (FSM2). A cluster analyses was applied to the input data of the FSM2 model to identify a total of 12 cells that summarized the climatic variability of the mountain ranges. The WRF output was then resealed to various elevation bands using an array of psychrometric and radiative formulae and air temperature lapse rates. A factorial experiment was performed to generate synthetic meteorological series involving gradual alteration of the temperature (0-4 degrees C increases), short-wave radiation (0-40 Wm(-2) increases), and precipitation (variations of 20%) to force the FSM2. We found differing sensitivities across the various mountainous areas as a consequence of differences in their energy and mass balances. The results showed a generally negative impact of climate warming on the magnitude, duration, and melt rates of the snowpack over all elevation bands, even under scenarios of greater precipitation. The average effect of warming on the duration of the snowpack ranged from - 23% per degrees C at 1500 m a.s.l. to - 13% per degrees C at 2500 m a.s.l., on the peak snow water equivalent ranged from - 20% per degrees C at 1500 m a.s.l. to - 15% per degrees C at 2500 m a.s.l., and on melt rates ranged from - 9% to - 6% per degrees C. The effect of increasing short-wave radiation on the snowpack ranged from approximately - 2% per 10 Wm(-2) at 1500 m a.s.l. to - 1% per 10 Wm(-2) at 2500 m a.s.l. for both the snowpack duration and peak SWE indices. The effect on the snowpack caused by precipitation changes reduced gradually with increasing elevation, especially in the colder areas. The response of the melt rates to warming was negative in most of the areas at all elevations, suggesting less intense but longer melt seasons.
机译：在这项研究中，我们研究了积雪的敏感性，以提高温度和短波辐射，沿着伊比利亚半岛的主要山脉（1500-2500米ASL）沿着伊比利亚半岛的主要山脉（Cantabrian Range，Central Range，Iberian）的降水变化范围，比利牛斯和塞勒内华达州）。 Meso-大气模型（WRF）的输出被用作物理的能量和质量平衡积雪模型（FSM2）中的强制数据。将集群分析应用于FSM2模型的输入数据，以识别总总结了山脉气候变异性的12个细胞。然后使用一系列心理仪和辐射公式和空气温度流逝速率重新预先置换WRF输出。进行阶乘实验以产生涉及温度逐渐改变的合成气象系列（0-4摄氏度），短波辐射（0-40瓦米（-2）增加），降水（20％的变化）到强制FSM2。由于其能量和质量余额的差异，我们在各种山区发现不同的敏感性。结果表明，即使在更大的降水的情况下，气候变暖的气候变暖的气候变暖的幅度为大小，持续时间和熔体速率也是一般的负面影响。在积雪的持续时间内升温的平均效果来自-1500米A.L的23％C.在2500米A.L中为-13％，在峰值雪水中，等效于1500米A.L的峰值雪水等同于-20％C。至2500米ASL的15％，熔体速率范围为-9％至-6％，每次C.增加短波辐射对雪橇上的影响范围从每10 WM大约 - 2％（ -2）在1500米ASL在2500米A.L中为-1％（-2），每10毫米（-2）。对于Snowpack持续时间和峰值SWE指数。随着升高的增加，降水量引起的积雪的影响随着高度的增加而减少，特别是在较冷的区域。所有海拔地区的大多数地区，熔体速率与变暖的响应是阴性的，表明较强的融化季节不太强烈但更长。

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