The U.S. has already fired the first shot in cyberspace, employing computer warfare techniques in combat at least twice. The first target was Iraq during the 1991 Persian Gulf war. The U.S. struck again, in the 1998 Kosovo air campaign. The first attack was limited to reading the e-mail of Iraqi commanders. But by the next conflict the tools already were much more sophisticated. False messages and targets were injected into Yugoslavia's complex computer-integrated air defense system.
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