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Toward standardized procedures for recording and describing 3-D shoulder movements

机译：迈向记录和描述3-D肩膀运动的标准化程序

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摘要

Movements of the human upper extremity are difficult to measure, due to the specific structure of the limb. All arm movements are a combination of movements of the humerus relative to a moveable base: the scapula. Measurement of movements is, however, strongly hampered by the fact that the scapular movement is difficult to track when skin-based landmarks are used. A second complicating factor is the fact that a skin-based proximal landmark on the humerus is difficult to define, which directly affects attempts to describe accurately the movements of that segment. To solve these problems, special measurement procedures have been developed, which include the identification of landmarks for the scapula and the humerus and recording procedures for segment movements or the estimation of landmarks. Also, a definition of the three-dimensional description of motion is presented. These measurement procedures have now been applied in several experiments and have been proven to be successful.
机译：由于肢体的特定结构，人体上肢的运动难以测量。所有手臂运动都是肱骨相对于可移动基础：肩cap骨的运动的组合。但是，当使用基于皮肤的界标时，很难跟踪肩cap骨运动的事实严重阻碍了运动的测量。第二个复杂因素是，肱骨上基于皮肤的近端界标很难定义，这直接影响了准确描述该节段运动的尝试。为了解决这些问题，已经开发了特殊的测量程序，包括识别肩the骨和肱骨的界标，以及用于节段运动或界标估计的记录程序。此外，提出了对运动的三维描述的定义。这些测量程序现已应用于多个实验中，并被证明是成功的。

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