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Neural reuse: A fundamental organizational principle of the brain

机译：神经重用：大脑的基本组织原理

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An emerging class of theories concerning the functional structure of the brain takes the reuse of neural circuitry for various cognitive purposes to be a central organizational principle. According to these theories, it is quite common for neural circuits established for one purpose to be exapted (exploited, recycled, redeployed) during evolution or normal development, and be put to different uses, often without losing their original functions. Neural reuse theories thus differ from the usual understanding of the role of neural plasticity (which is, after all, a kind of reuse) in brain organization along the following lines: According to neural reuse, circuits can continue to acquire new uses after an initial or original function is established; the acquisition of new uses need not involve unusual circumstances such as injury or loss of established function; and the acquisition of a new use need not involve (much) local change to circuit structure (e.g., it might involve only the establishment of functional connections to new neural partners). Thus, neural reuse theories offer a distinct perspective on several topics of general interest, such as: the evolution and development of the brain, including (for instance) the evolutionary-developmental pathway supporting primate tool use and human language; the degree of modularity in brain organization; the degree of localization of cognitive function; and the cortical parcellation problem and the prospects (and proper methods to employ) for function to structure mapping. The idea also has some practical implications in the areas of rehabilitative medicine and machine interface design.
机译：关于大脑功能结构的一类新兴理论将神经电路的重用用于各种认知目的，成为中心组织原则。根据这些理论，为某一目的而建立的神经电路在进化或正常发展过程中被保护（开发，循环，重新部署），并在不失去其原始功能的情况下被用于不同的用途是很普遍的。因此，神经重用理论与通常对神经可塑性（毕竟是一种重用）在大脑组织中的作用的理解不同，它遵循以下原则：根据神经重用，电路在初始使用后可以继续获得新的用途或已建立原始功能；获得新用途不必涉及异常情况，例如受伤或丧失既定功能；并且获得新用途不需要涉及电路结构的（很大）局部改变（例如，可能仅涉及与新神经伴侣的功能连接的建立）。因此，神经重用理论在几个普遍感兴趣的主题上提供了独特的视角，例如：大脑的进化和发展，包括（例如）支持灵长类工具使用和人类语言的进化-发展途径；大脑组织的模块化程度；认知功能的定位程度；皮层分裂问题以及功能到结构映射的前景（以及采用的适当方法）。这个想法在康复医学和机器界面设计领域也有一些实际意义。

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