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Darwin's mistake: Explaining the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds

机译：达尔文的错误：解释人与非人思想之间的不连续性

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摘要

Over the last quarter century, the dominant tendency in comparative cognitive psychology has been to emphasize the similarities between human and nonhuman minds and to downplay the differences as "one of degree and not of kind" (Darwin 1871). In the present target article, we argue that Darwin was mistaken: the profound biological continuity between human and nonhuman animals masks an equally profound discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. To wit, there is a significant discontinuity in the degree to which human and nonhuman animals are able to approximate the higher-order, systematic, relational capabilities of a physical symbol system (PSS) (Newell 1980). We show that this symbolic-relational discontinuity pervades nearly every domain of cognition and runs much deeper than even the spectacular scaffolding provided by language or culture alone can explain. We propose a representational-level specification as to where human and rionhuman animals' abilities to approximate a PSS are similar and where they differ. We conclude by suggesting that recent symbolic-connectionist models of cognition shed new light on the mechanisms that underlie the gap between human and nonhuman minds.
机译：在过去的四分之一世纪中，比较认知心理学的主要趋势一直是强调人类和非人类思想之间的相似性，并且轻描淡写地将差异视为“程度而非种类之一”（Darwin 1871）。在当前的目标文章中，我们认为达尔文是错误的：人类与非人类动物之间深刻的生物学连续性掩盖了人类与非人类思想之间同样深远的不连续性。综上所述，人类和非人类动物在近似物理符号系统（PSS）的高阶，系统，关系能力的程度上存在很大的不连续性（Newell，1980年）。我们表明，这种象征关系的不连续性几乎遍及认知的每个领域，并且甚至比仅由语言或文化提供的壮观支架所能解释的范围还要深得多。我们提出了关于人类和小动物动物近似PSS的能力相似和不同之处的代表性级别规范。我们的结论是，最近的符号连接主义认知模型为揭示人类与非人类思想之间的鸿沟提供了新的思路。

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