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Measuring Nutrient Accumulation Rates of Potatoes-Tools for Better Management

机译：测量马铃薯的养分累积速率-更好管理的工具

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Nitrogen: Approximately two-thirds of the total plant N is accumulated in the first few months following planting. Therefore, an adequate availability of N must be maintained in the root zone to support this rapid uptake. This is not a simple task, since excessive early season N can increase the susceptibility to brown center, hollow heart, and delays in maturation, while excessive N during the late season can reduce the specific gravity of the tuber and the skin set. Petiole testing is frequently useful for monitoring N availability and determining the need for supplemental fertilization. During the time of maximum growth during the midsummer, the plants accumulated up to a maximum of 7 lb N/A/day. This large amount of N can come from N already in the soil, N released from organic matter, N in the irrigation water, or from fertilization. Since yield and quality suffer when N is over- or under-supplied, close monitoring of the plant N status is recommended. Phosphorus: The rate of plant P uptake generally peaks during the middle of the growing season, with a daily demand of between 0.4 and 0.9 lb P/A/day depending on the variety and location. The amount of P present in the soil solution at any time is generally low and is regulated by the buffering capacity of the particular soil. Each soil has a different capacity to replenish the roots with soluble P from mineral and organic sources. When P concentrations are inadequate to meet peak demands, tuber size and yield are diminished. Fertilizer P is generally applied prior to planting based on soil tests, but monitoring petiole P concentrations is also common for determining the need for additional mid-season P. Sprinkler application of soluble P can be effective for supplementing the P supply if active roots are very near the soil surface. With a full plant canopy, potato root density will typically be high near the soil surface. This is important since P fertilizer applied through the sprinkler system rarely moves more than a few inches into the soil. A week or two may be required before a response to added P is measurable, so applications should be made in advance of possible deficiencies. Potassium: Potatoes typically accumulate more K than any other nutrient. During the peak uptake period, daily accumulation rates can exceed 5 to 14 lb K/A/day, and over 600 lb K/A was accumulated by the crop. An adequate supply of K can help prevent a variety of tuber quality defects, such as blackspot bruising, low specific gravity, and poor storage quality. Excessively high K may also be detrimental and should be avoided. Potassium application rates should be based on soil testing and crop removal rates. The majority of K fertilizer is usually applied prior to planting. At typical application rates, there is no consistent difference between K sources. At high K application rates, K_2SO_4 or a blend of KC1 and K_2SO_4may tend to produce slightly larger potato yields with higher specific gravity compared with KC1 alone. The timing and rate of application, as well as the product blend, are important considerations when making K applications to potatoes.
机译：氮：播种后的最初几个月中，约有三分之二的氮在植物中积累。因此，必须在根部区域保持足够的N利用率，以支持这种快速吸收。这不是一个简单的任务，因为过多的早期N会增加对褐色中心，空心心脏和成熟延迟的敏感性，而过多的N在后期会降低块茎和皮肤的比重。叶柄测试通常可用于监测氮素的利用率并确定是否需要补充施肥。在仲夏的最大生长时期，植物累积的最大日产量为7磅N / A。大量的氮可能来自土壤中已经存在的氮，有机物释放的氮，灌溉水中的氮或施肥。由于氮供应过量或不足时，产量和质量会受到影响，因此建议对植物氮的状况进行密切监控。磷：植物P的吸收速率通常在生长季节的中部达到最高，每天的需求量在0.4至0.9磅P / A /天之间，具体取决于品种和位置。在任何时候，土壤溶液中的P含量通常都很低，并且受特定土壤的缓冲能力调节。每种土壤都有不同的能力为根补充矿物质和有机来源的可溶性磷。当磷的浓度不足以满足峰值需求时，块茎大小和产量下降。肥料P通常在土壤测试之前在播种前施用，但是监测叶柄P的浓度对于确定是否需要额外的季中P也很普遍。如果根系非常活跃，喷洒可溶性P可以有效补充P。在土壤表面附近。在植物冠层完整的情况下，靠近土壤表面的马铃薯根部密度通常会很高。这很重要，因为通过喷洒系统施用的磷肥很少会移动到几英寸以上的土壤中。在测量对添加的P的响应之前可能需要一到两周，因此应在可能存在的缺陷之前进行申请。钾：土豆通常比任何其他养分吸收更多的钾。在吸收高峰期，每天的累积速率可以超过5到14 lb K / A /天，农作物的累积量超过600 lb K / A。充足的钾素供应可以帮助防止各种块茎质量缺陷，例如黑点淤青，比重低和储存质量差。过高的K也可能有害，应该避免。钾的施用量应基于土壤测试和农作物的去除率。大多数钾肥通常在种植前施用。在典型的施用率下，K源之间没有一致的差异。与单独使用KC1相比，在高K施用量下，K_2SO_4或KC1和K_2SO_4的混合物可能倾向于以较高的比重产生稍高的马铃薯产量。在马铃薯上施钾时，施药的时间和比例以及产品的掺混是重要的考虑因素。

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