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首页> 外文期刊>Bioenergy research >The Switchgrass Gall Midge (Chilophaga virgati Gagné) in the Northern Great Plains
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The Switchgrass Gall Midge (Chilophaga virgati Gagné) in the Northern Great Plains

机译：北部大平原的柳枝Gall胆（Chilophaga virgatiGagné）

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Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is considered to be a highly promising bioenergy crop. However, little is known about insect pests that impact its utilization for this purpose. The switchgrass gall midge [Chilophaga virgati Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)], which was first discovered in 2008 at Brookings, SD, USA, is shown to have a negative impact on biomass and seed yields of switchgrass. Our objectives were to increase knowledge of the biology of the midge by describing its life stages and any parasitoids that have biological control potential. Data collections were made during May to December in 2011 and April to late autumn in 2012. The gall midge adult is active from early June to late July. This insect overwinters as a late instar larva, usually in large aggregations, enclosed in the sheath of the flag leaf of dry tillers. The mean number of larvae was 31, with a range of 6 to 85 per tiller. Infested tillers m−2 varied among three phenologically distinct cultivars. The late flowering cultivar ‘Cave-In-Rock’ was more heavily infested (>2×) than the early flowering ‘Dacotah’. A newly discovered parasitoid, Platygaster chilophagae Buhl (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and a species of Quadrastichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were reared from gall midge larvae. These results will be valuable to entomologists, switchgrass breeders, and agronomists as a guide to the occurrence and activities of the gall midge.
机译：柳枝（（Panicum virgatum L.）被认为是一种很有前途的生物能源作物。但是，对于影响其目的利用的害虫知之甚少。柳枝gall（Chilophaga virgatiGagné（Diptera：Cecidomyiidae））于2008年在美国SD的布鲁金斯首次发现，对柳枝biomass的生物量和种子产量有负面影响。我们的目标是通过描述蚊的生活阶段和具有生物控制潜力的任何寄生虫来增加对蚊生物学的认识。数据收集于2011年5月至12月以及2012年4月至深秋。从6月初到7月下旬，这只gall虫成虫活跃。这种昆虫越冬越冬幼虫越冬越冬，通常以大的聚集体形式聚集在干燥分till的旗叶鞘中。幼虫的平均数量为31，每个分till的范围为6到85。受感染的分ological m-2在三个物候不同的品种之间变化。较早开花的“ Dacotah”，较晚开花的品种“ Cave-In-Rock”的出没率更高（> 2倍）。一种新发现的拟寄生虫，Platygaster chilophagae Buhl（膜翅目：Platygastridae）和一种Quadrastichus sp。 （膜翅目：Eulophidae）从胆mid幼虫饲养。这些结果对于昆虫学家，柳枝breed育种家和农艺师来说是有价值的，可作为mid虫的发生和活动的指南。

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