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Energy Expenditures for Flight, Aerodynamic Quality, and Colonization of Forest Habitats by Birds

机译：飞行，空气动力质量和鸟类栖息地森林栖息地的能量消耗

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The power that the birds can use for flight (available power) and the power required for flight according to physical laws (requisite power) grow with an increase in body mass, the exponents of the corresponding functions being different. Small birds can follow different strategies, either improving the aerodynamic quality of the body (thereby saving the excess available power) or sacrifice aerodynamic quality in favor of morphological adaptation to factors other than the demands of flight proper, which provides the possibility of utilizing a wider range of ecological niches. A hypothesis is proposed that the high metabolic rate of passerine birds, compared to representatives of other bird orders, is an adaptation to maneuverable (i.e., relatively low-speed) flight necessary for successful colonization of forest habitats. The speed that birds of such size can develop according to the scaling theory is too high for nesting and foraging in tree crowns, and its reduction is possible in two ways: by increasing air drag or by changing the style of flight (by analogy with airplane vs. helicopter). The first way is feasible, but a high air drag due to morphological modifications (e.g., in the size of the tail or characteristics of the wing) interferes with the possibility of long-distance migration flight, as energy expenditures for it will exceed the energy potential of the bird. This is why migratory nonpasserine birds, which have used this strategy, are practically absent in forests of the temperate zone. Therefore, more promising is the second way involving transition to a new flight style and, in a certain sense, to a new mor-phophysiological organization. Passerines have achieved this by changing their flight style so that the wing actively generates forces (lift and thrust) only in downstroke. Such a flight requires more energy, and, to provide it in sufficient amounts, passerine birds have increased their basal metabolic rate (BMR). Thus, both their flight energy expenditures and BMR are higher than in nonpasserines. Remarkably, among approximately 8660 extant bird species known today, more than half (about 5100 species) belong to the order Passeriformes. Such a ratio, unknown in any other vertebrate class, is evidence that passerines have gained a considerable biological advantage over all other birds due to their increased BMR.
机译：禽类可用于飞行的功率（可用功率）和根据物理定律飞行所需的功率（必需功率）随着体重的增加而增长，相应功能的指数也不同。小型鸟类可以采取不同的策略，要么提高身体的空气动力学质量（从而节省多余的可用功率），要么牺牲空气动力学质量，以便对形态进行适应，以适应除正常飞行需求以外的因素，从而提供了利用更广泛的飞行能力的可能性。生态位的范围。提出了一种假设，与其他鸟类的代表相比，雀形目鸟类的新陈代谢率高，这是对成功栖息于森林栖息地的可操纵（即相对低速）飞行的一种适应。根据比例尺理论，这种大小的鸟类可以发展的速度对于在树冠上筑巢和觅食来说太高了，可以通过两种方式降低其速度：增加空气阻力或改变飞行方式（类似于飞机）与直升机）。第一种方法是可行的，但是由于形态变化（例如，尾巴的大小或机翼的特性）而导致的高风阻干扰了长距离迁移飞行的可能性，因为其能量消耗将超过能量鸟的潜力。这就是为什么在温带地区的森林中实际上没有使用这种策略的候鸟的现象。因此，第二种途径是向新的飞行方式过渡，从某种意义上说，是向新的形态生理学组织过渡，这是更有希望的。雀形目通过改变飞行方式实现了这一点，因此机翼仅在向下行程时才主动产生力（升力和推力）。这样的飞行需要更多的能量，并且，为了提供足够的能量，雀形目鸟类增加了其基础代谢率（BMR）。因此，它们的飞行能量消耗和BMR均高于非雀形目。值得注意的是，在当今已知的约8660种现存鸟类中，一半以上（约5100种）属于Passeriformes目。这一比率在任何其他脊椎动物类别中都未知，这表明由于它们的BMR升高，雀形目鸟类比所有其他鸟类都具有相当大的生物学优势。

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