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Skin Derivatives in Vertebrate Ontogeny and Phylogeny

机译：脊椎动物个体发育和系统发育中的皮肤衍生物

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摘要

The skin of vertebrates has numerous and diverse derivatives, either located within the epithelial sheet itself (glands) or extending above its surface (teeth, scales, feathers, hairs, etc.). Many of them have a modular structure and constitute structural-functional units. Ontogenetically, all skin derivatives are of ectomesodermal origin, and their morphogenesis is subject to metabolic control, heterochronies (divergence in the timing of origination and development), and regulation by means of tissue interactions and molecular signaling via similar pathways. The diversification (origination of morphological diversity) of skin derivatives within the same morphological type is explained by the development of new generations of ectomesodermal structures separated by heterochronies and regulated by changes in the gradients of molecular signaling pathways under the influence of environmental factors. Evolutionary relationships between the majority of skin derivatives are obscure, except for teeth and glands associated with sensory organs that have evolved together with these organs. Apparently, many vertebrate skin derivatives (scales, feathers, hairs, and glands) originated as novelties at nodal stages of phylogeny and subsequently evolved convergently or in parallel.
机译：脊椎动物的皮肤具有多种多样的衍生物，它们位于上皮层本身（腺体）内或在其表面上方延伸（牙齿，鳞片，羽毛，头发等）。它们中的许多具有模块化结构并构成结构功能单元。从遗传学上讲，所有皮肤衍生物均来自外胚层，其形态发生受代谢控制，异时性（起源和发育时间的差异），并通过组织相互作用和类似途径的分子信号传导进行调控。同一形态类型内的皮肤衍生物的多样化（形态多样性的起源）是由新一代异胚层结构的发展所解释的，异胚层结构被异时性分隔并受环境因素影响下分子信号通路梯度的变化所调节。除与这些器官一起进化的感觉器官相关的牙齿和腺体外，大多数皮肤衍生物之间的进化关系是模糊的。显然，许多脊椎动物的皮肤衍生物（鳞片，羽毛，毛发和腺体）是在系统发育的结节阶段以新颖形式起源的，随后逐渐趋同或平行演化。

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  • 来源
    《Biology Bulletin》 |2009年第2期|175-183|共9页
  • 作者

    O. F. Chernova;

  • 作者单位

    Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 109117 Russia;

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