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首页> 外文期刊>Biology and Philosophy >Paleolithic public goods games: why human culture and cooperation did not evolve in one step
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Paleolithic public goods games: why human culture and cooperation did not evolve in one step

机译：旧石器时代的公益游戏：为什么人类文化与合作没有一步步发展

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摘要

It is widely agreed that humans have specific abilities for cooperation and culture that evolved since their split with their last common ancestor with chimpanzees. Many uncertainties remain, however, about the exact moment in the human lineage when these abilities evolved. This article argues that cooperation and culture did not evolve in one step in the human lineage and that the capacity to stick to long-term and risky cooperative arrangements evolved before properly modern culture. I present evidence that Homo heidelbergensis became increasingly able to secure contributions form others in two demanding Paleolithic public good games (PPGGs): cooperative feeding and cooperative breeding. I argue that the temptation to defect is high in these PPGGs and that the evolution of human cooperation in Homo heidelberngensis is best explained by the emergence of modern-like abilities for inhibitory control and goal maintenance. These executive functions are localized in the prefrontal cortex and allow humans to stick to social norms in the face of competing motivations. This scenario is consistent with data on brain evolution that indicate that the largest growth of the prefrontal cortex in human evolution occurred in Homo heidelbergensis and was followed by relative stasis in this part of the brain. One implication of this argument is that subsequent behavioral innovations, including the evolution of symbolism, art, and properly cumulative culture in modern Homo sapiens, are unlikely to be related to a reorganization of the prefrontal cortex, despite frequent claims to the contrary in the literature on the evolution of human culture and cognition. Keywords Cooperation - Imitation - Culture - Social norms - Public goods game - Prefrontal cortex - Inhibition - Human evolution - Mid-pleistocene - Hunting - Cooking - Life history - Homo heidelbergensis - Neanderthal - Homo sapiens
机译：人们普遍认为，自从与黑猩猩的最后祖先分裂后，人类就具有了特定的合作和文化能力。然而，关于这些能力的发展，人类血统的确切时刻仍然存在许多不确定性。本文认为，合作与文化不是在人类血统中一步一步发展的，坚持长期和冒险的合作安排的能力是在适当的现代文化发展之前发展的。我提供的证据表明，海德堡人越来越有能力在两个要求苛刻的旧石器时代的公共利益博弈（PPGG）中从其他人那里获得捐助：合作饲养和合作育种。我认为，在这些PPGG中，对缺陷的诱惑很高，而人类现代合作中进化的抑制作用和维持目标的能力可以最好地解释这一点。这些执行功能位于前额叶皮层，在面对竞争动机时，人们可以遵循社会规范。这种情况与关于大脑进化的数据一致，该数据表明人类进化中前额叶皮层的最大增长发生在海德堡人体内，其次是大脑此部位的相对停滞。这种说法的一个含义是，尽管后来的行为创新，包括象征主义，艺术的演变以及现代智人的适当积累的文化，都不太可能与前额叶皮层的重组有关，尽管在文献中经常声称与此相反。关于人类文化和认知的演变。关键词合作-模仿-文化-社会规范-公共物品博弈-前额叶皮层-抑制-人类进化-中更新世-狩猎-烹饪-生活史-海德堡人-尼安德特人-智人

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