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Adaptation of a photovoltaic energy balance model for rooftop applications

机译：适应屋顶应用的光伏能量平衡模型

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In this study we adapted and evaluated the utility-scale photovoltaic energy balance model UCRC-Solar for rooftop scenarios. The most important modification is related to the sensible heat exchange. Different modifications are tested and evaluated against measured surface temperatures and power production of a rooftop photovoltaic (PV) module on a tilted roof in Braunschweig, Germany. Strong agreement with an RMSE of 2.7 K and 4 W, respectively, for highly varying meteorological conditions, is achieved by assuming boundary layer development over the PV modules which modulates their convective heat exchange with the atmosphere. The model error is related to the wind direction and turbulent kinetic energy. A higher model error is found for wind directions corresponding to upwind built structures with larger relative roughness.We deem the adapted model, UCRC-Solar(roof) to be suitable to calculate module temperatures and sensible heat fluxes of individual modules as well as the average of PV arrays on tilted roofs for different roof sizes. UCRC-Solar(roof) is applied to compare module temperatures, sensible heat fluxes and power production from urban, rooftop PV arrays to rural, ground-based modules. The main causal factor for elevated module temperature on rooftop PV modules relative to their rural, utility-scale counterparts is the smaller sensible heat flux at the lower side of the rooftop PV modules as a result of their proximity to the roof. UCRC-Solar(roof) has the potential to be integrated in micro-to macroscale meteorological and climate models as well as building energy simulation tools.
机译：在这项研究中，我们改编和评估了公用事业级光伏能量平衡模型UCRC-Solar，用于屋顶场景。最重要的修改与可乐的热交换有关。测试和评估不同的修改，并针对测量的表面温度和德国倾斜的屋顶上的屋顶光伏（PV）模块的电力产生。通过假设PV模块上的边界层开发，分别对高度变化的气象条件进行了强烈的2.7 k和4 W的强烈一致性，可以通过对气氛调节其对流热交换的光伏模块来实现。模型误差与风向和湍流动能有关。对应于具有较大相对粗糙度的上置结构的风向进行更高的模型错误。我们认为适用的型号，Ucrc-Solar（屋顶）适合计算各个模块的模块温度和明智的热量通量以及平均值用于不同屋顶尺寸的倾斜屋顶上的PV阵列。 UCRC-Solar（屋顶）应用于比较模块温度，从城市，屋顶PV阵列到农村地面模块的模块温度，明智的热量通量和电力生产。屋顶光伏模块相对于其农村的屋顶温度升高的主要因果因素是屋顶光伏模块下侧的较小明智的热通量，由于它们对屋顶的邻近。 UCRC-Solar（屋顶）有可能集成在微型到宏​​观气象和气候模型中，以及建筑能量模拟工具。

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