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Drivers of winter indoor temperatures in Swedish dwellings: Investigating the tails of the distribution

机译：瑞典住宅的冬季室内温度的司机：调查分配的尾部

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摘要

Residential indoor climate is a key factor for occupant comfort, health and wellbeing, while also affecting the buildings' energy demand. A strong focus has been traditionally placed on low winter indoor temperatures in dwellings due to their considerable health impacts. However, there is a trend towards high and stable indoor temperatures, which also have significant implications. This paper investigates the drivers of winter indoor temperatures by analysing the following three metrics of measured temperatures in a sample of 1039 Swedish dwellings: a) level, through the sample dwellings' standardised indoor temperatures at 5 degrees C outdoor temperature, b) daily variation, through the standard deviation of the indoor temperature and c) shape, using daily indoor temperature profiles derived from cluster analysis. The study explores the association of these metrics to building-, dwelling- and occupant-related parameters. The analysis shows that 80% of the standardised indoor temperatures were above 21 degrees C, with one third of the latter being above 23 degrees C, while 82% of dwellings had constant temperatures throughout the day. High winter indoor temperatures were more evident in middle-placed apartments in multi-family buildings connected to district heating and in better insulated single-family houses. High temperatures were also associated with experiencing draft from windows, too warm conditions in winter and difficulty to control the indoor temperature, but not with the overall thermal comfort assessment which was very positive in both the high and low temperature tails. Long-term adaptation effects, established norms and comfort expectations are discussed as important confounding factors in the development of residential indoor temperatures.
机译：住宅室内气候是乘客舒适，健康和福祉的关键因素，同时也影响建筑物的能源需求。由于其相当大的健康影响，传统上，传统上，传统上占据了低冬季室内温度。然而，存在高稳定的室内温度趋势，这也具有重大影响。本文通过分析1039个瑞典住宅的样本中测量温度的以下三个度量来调查冬季室内温度的驱动因素：a）水平，通过样品住所的标准化室内温度在5摄氏度下的户外温度，b）日常变异，通过室内温度和C）形状的标准偏差，使用来自聚类分析的日间温度谱。该研究探讨了这些指标与建造，住宅和乘员相关参数的关联。分析表明，80％的标准化室内温度高于21摄氏度，后者中的三分之一高于23摄氏度，而82％的住宅全天具有恒定的温度。高冬季室内温度在多庭建筑物的中间公寓中更加明显，这些公寓在连接到地区供暖和更好的隔热单家庭房屋。高温也与在窗口中经历过窗口的草稿，冬季过热的条件，难以控制室内温度，但没有与高温和低温尾部的总体积极阳性的整体热舒适度评估。长期适应效果，建立的规范和舒适期望被讨论在住宅室内温度发展中的重要混杂因素。

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