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The globalisation of the construction industry-a review

机译：建筑业的全球化-回顾

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The recent advances in transport and communication coupled with the protocols of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) have given access to markets that were previously insulated. The process that has come to be known as "globalisation" and is conceptualised as a situation where political borders become increasingly more irrelevant, economic interdependencies are heightened, and national differences are accentuated due to dissimilarities in societal cultures and central issues of business, is not new though. As railways and steamships lowered transport costs and Europe moved towards free trade during the late 19th Century, a dramatic convergence in commodity prices took place. Labour flows were considerably higher than usual, and millions of immigrants made their way from the old to the new world. These immigrants took with them their knowledge of construction that they employed in their new settlements, either as a hybrid with the local construction knowledge or supplanting the latter altogether. In this sense, the globalisation of construction had begun albeit unintentionally. Over the years, however, the construction industry has become well organised in similar ways to any other industry and WTO protocols have enabled firms to participate in cross-border markets unhindered. In principle, the unhindered access to international markets makes economic sense, but the reality is that only a few firms, particularly those based in advanced industrialised countries (AICs) can take full advantage of the open market, However, as globalisation is now an inescapable fact, firms based in both the newly industrialised countries (NICs) and least developed countries (LDCs) should adopt strategies that could enable them benefit from the open market. To enable comprehensive exploration of possible strategies that small firms in developing countries could adopt to benefit from the open construction market, this paper reviews the history of the globalisation of the construction industry and its current status. It concludes by pointing out the avenues that could be pursued by firms based in LCDs to benefit from the open construction market.
机译：运输和通讯方面的最新进展，加上世界贸易组织（WTO）的协议，已经使人们进入了以前孤立的市场。这种过程被称为“全球化”，并且被概念化为一种情况，在这种情况下，政治边界变得越来越不相关，经济上的相互依存度提高了，由于社会文化的差异和商业中心问题的不同，国家间的差异也加剧了。新的。 19世纪后期，随着铁路和轮船降低了运输成本，欧洲开始实行自由贸易，商品价格出现了戏剧性的趋同。劳动力流动大大高于平常，成千上万的移民从旧世界迁移到了新世界。这些移民带走了他们在新定居点中使用的建筑知识，既可以与当地建筑知识相结合，也可以完全取代后者。从这个意义上讲，建筑全球化虽然是无意间开始的。然而，多年来，建筑业已经以与任何其他行业类似的方式组织得井井有条，WTO协议使企业能够不受阻碍地参与跨境市场。从原则上讲，畅通无阻地进入国际市场具有经济意义，但现实情况是，只有少数几家公司，尤其是设在先进工业化国家（AIC）的公司可以充分利用开放市场，但是，由于全球化已不可避免事实上，新兴工业国家（NIC）和最不发达国家（LDC）的公司都应采用能够使其从公开市场中受益的策略。为了全面探讨发展中国家的小公司可以从开放的建筑市场中受益的可能策略，本文回顾了建筑行业全球化的历史及其现状。最后，指出了LCD厂商可以从开放的建筑市场中受益的途径。

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