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Weathering traces in ancient bricks from historic buildings

机译：风化痕迹的历史建筑中的古砖

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The aim of this work was to determine the type of weathering suffered by bricks belonging to a number of historic buildings in Toledo, Spain. These bricks had been exposed to either aerial or burial environments, came from different places in the selected buildings, were of different mineralogical composition, and had been fired at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and the analysis of their physical properties showed the best conserved to be those that had been buried. Buried Roman bricks made from non-calcareous materials fired at > 900℃ and with a vitrified matrix showed few signs of weathering. Buried Islamic and Mudejar-Romanesque bricks made from calcareous clays and fired at temperatures of < 800℃ were similarly well conserved. These showed calcareous cementation of their pore systems, which improved their physical properties. Bricks from the external and internal walls of buildings (e.g., Islamic-Mudejar and Romanesque bricks from inner courtyards and cellars) that had been exposed to aerial conditions were less well conserved. These were made from calcareous materials and had been fired at high temperatures ( > 900℃). They showed a number of weathering traces but overall were still in relatively good condition. The worst conserved of all were neoclassical bricks from upper storey internal walls. These were made of calcareous material and had been fired at temperatures of between 800 and 900℃. The mineralogical composition of the raw materials, the firing temperature, the location of the bricks in the buildings, the environments to which they had been exposed, the action of natural or polluted filtration water, the action of microorganisms and the reigning environmental conditions, all contributed towards the state of conservation of the bricks. Such knowledge may help in the choice of appropriate cleaning or restoration treatments for architectural heritage of brick construction.
机译：这项工作的目的是确定属于西班牙托莱多许多历史建筑的砖所遭受的风化类型。这些砖块曾暴露于空中或埋葬环境，来自选定建筑物的不同地方，具有不同的矿物学组成，并在不同的温度下燃烧。 X射线衍射，扫描电子显微镜及其物理性质分析表明，保存最好的是被掩埋的那些。由非钙质材料制成的古罗马砖，经900℃以上的高温烧制，并具有玻璃化基质，几乎没有风化迹象。同样，由钙质粘土制成的埋藏的伊斯兰和Mudejar-Romanesque砖在＜800℃的温度下燃烧也得到了很好的保存。这些显示出它们孔系统的钙质胶结，从而改善了它们的物理性能。建筑物外墙和内墙的砖块（例如，内部庭院和地下室的伊斯兰穆德哈尔砖和罗马式砖块）暴露在空中的保护程度较差。它们是由钙质材料制成的，并已在高温（> 900℃）下燃烧。它们显示出许多风化痕迹，但总体上仍处于相对良好的状态。保存最差的是上层内墙的新古典砖。它们由钙质材料制成，并在800至900℃的温度下燃烧。原材料的矿物学组成，烧制温度，砖在建筑物中的位置，其所处的环境，天然或污染的滤水的作用，微生物的作用以及持续的环境条件，所有这些为保护砖的状态做出了贡献。这些知识可能有助于选择适当的清洁或修复方法，以用于砖结构的建筑遗产。

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