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首页> 外文期刊>Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France >EVALUATION DES DANGERS ET GESTION DES RISQUES. QUELQUES PERSPECTIVES EN ECOTOXICOLOGIE ANIMALE
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EVALUATION DES DANGERS ET GESTION DES RISQUES. QUELQUES PERSPECTIVES EN ECOTOXICOLOGIE ANIMALE

机译：危害评估和风险管理。动物生态学的一些观点

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Nowadays, public and regulators ask for the safety assessment and the control of quite all of the human activities (urban, agricultural, industrial). A number of guidelines have been developed to perform impact studies or to elaborate survey programs. These studies are mainly done by the chemical measurement of contaminants in different biota. But, because these measurements fail to give information on the bioavailability and the bioacti-vity of the chemicals, ecotoxicological methods could be an alternative or a complement in the near future. Therefore, the actual challenge in ecotoxicology is to develop and validate batteries of bioassays. For the choice of the assays, different criteria have to be taken into account: (1) relevance to be tentatively predictive of effects at upper organizational levels, (2) sensitivity to highlight effects at the lowest levels, (3) easiness to be interpreted to improve the communication and (4) cost. In this paper we describe the strategy developped to assess the environmental effects of bauxite residues immerged in the Mediterranean sea. Two cruises were performed in 1997 and 1999 to collect tidal sediment samples in order to (1) characterize the extend of the residue deposit, (2) the possible ecotoxicity and (3) the effects on benthic populations and communities. The 10cm upper biotic part of the samples were collected. For each sample, three fractions were assayed: (1) the sediment as is, (2) the interstitial water and (3) a leachate. Two batteries were developed to assess the potential effects at different levels of the food chain and for different end-points. The results on the first cruise's samples showed the absence of genotoxicity (according to the Ames test) and of acute effects on the sea-bass or the bacteria (Microtox assay). Results on the larval development of the sea-urchin didn't allow to conclude on the absence of chronic effects. The results issued from the second cruise, showed negative effects on the development of the sea-urchin larvae but positive effects on bacteria. Because the amount of chemical markers (Cr and V) in samples were different, we built dose response relationship curves for the two positive assays. This showed that there was no relationships between the level of the chemical markers and the observed effects. We could then conclude that these effects were not related to the presence of the bauxite residues. These results was confirmed later by the ecological measurements. This example shows that a battery of bioassays is a relevant tool to survey the impact of industrial activities even in very difficult conditions like tidal sediments. This also show that the toxicity is not systematically related to the amount of contaminant in the medium and confirm that, because speciation processes are of importance, case by case field survey is necessary. The actual scientific developments in ecotoxicology deal with (1) the knowledge of the mechanism of action of toxicants in different, phylogenetically distant, species, the search for new end-points (i.e. oestrogenic disturbances) and the standardization of new assays and (2) the establishment of relationships between effect at the individual and the population levels to calculate uncertainty factors. For field survey, an important axis is the development of batteries of bioassays keeping in mind that the battery must be elaborated by a case by case approach depending on the ecosystem to survey (marine, rivers, land, forest...) and on the economical feasibility. The last axis to be explored is communication. It is easy to compare contaminant levels to reference doses but more difficult to understand that when the LD50 is greater the chemical is less toxic. The challenge is then to develop interpretation tools like hazard scales or discriminant analyses.
机译：如今，公众和监管机构要求对几乎所有人类活动（城市，农业，工业）进行安全评估和控制。已经制定了许多指南来进行影响研究或制定调查计划。这些研究主要是通过化学测量不同生物群中的污染物来完成的。但是，由于这些测量无法提供有关化学品的生物利用度和生物活性的信息，因此生态毒理学方法可能会在不久的将来成为替代方法或补充方法。因此，生态毒理学的实际挑战是开发和验证一系列生物检测方法。在选择检测方法时，必须考虑不同的标准：（1）暂时性地预测组织较高级别的效果的相关性；（2）强调最低级别的效果的敏感性；（3）易于解释改善沟通和（4）成本。在本文中，我们描述了用于评估浸入地中海的铝土矿残留物对环境影响的策略。 1997年和1999年进行了两次巡回航行，以收集潮汐沉积物样本，以（1）表征残留物沉积的扩展范围，（2）可能的生态毒性和（3）对底栖种群和群落的影响。收集样品的10cm上部生物部分。对于每个样品，测定了三个部分：（1）沉积物，（2）间隙水和（3）渗滤液。开发了两个电池，以评估在食物链的不同层次和不同终点的潜在影响。首次航行的样本的结果表明，没有遗传毒性（根据Ames试验），对鲈鱼或细菌没有急性影响（Microtox分析）。关于海胆幼虫发育的结果无法得出没有慢性影响的结论。第二次巡回发布的结果显示，对海胆幼虫的发育有不利影响，但对细菌有积极影响。由于样品中化学标记（Cr和V）的数量不同，因此我们建立了两个阳性测定的剂量反应关系曲线。这表明化学标记物的水平与所观察到的效果之间没有关系。然后我们可以得出结论，这些影响与铝土矿残留物的存在无关。这些结果随后通过生态学测量得到证实。该示例表明，即使在非常困难的条件下（例如潮汐沉积物），一系列生物测定也是调查工业活动影响的相关工具。这也表明毒性与介质中污染物的含量没有系统关联，并确认由于物种形成过程至关重要，因此有必要进行逐案现场调查。生态毒理学的实际科学发展涉及（1）了解不同的，系统发育远的物种中毒物的作用机理，寻找新的终点（即雌激素紊乱）以及新方法的标准化；以及（2）建立个人效应与人口效应之间的关系以计算不确定性因素。对于现场调查，一个重要的轴是生物测定电池的开发，同时要记住，必须根据要进行调查的生态系统（海洋，河流，土地，森林...）和环境的具体情况，逐个制定电池。经济上的可行性。要探讨的最后一个轴是交流。比较污染物水平与参考剂量很容易，但更难理解的是，当LD50越大，化学药品的毒性就越小。然后面临的挑战是开发解释工具，例如危险等级或判别分析。

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