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首页> 外文期刊>Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France >LA PLONGEE SUBAQUATIQUE PERMET-ELLE D'EVALUER DE MANIERE FIABLE LA BIODIVERSITE DE L'EPIBENTHOS DANS UN PORT?
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LA PLONGEE SUBAQUATIQUE PERMET-ELLE D'EVALUER DE MANIERE FIABLE LA BIODIVERSITE DE L'EPIBENTHOS DANS UN PORT?

机译：水下潜水是否能可靠地评估海域表生动物的生物多样性？

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摘要

Le Havre Museum team has been studying the population inside the basins of Le Havre port for the last twenty years (BRETON, 1981 ; BRETON et al, 1996) by means of scuba diving. This method is well adapted to detect the incoming of new exotic species [VINCENT & BRETON, 1999 ; VINCENT, 1999 ; BRETON & VINCENT, 1999 ; BRETON, FAASSE, NOEEL & VINCENT (2002)], but it doesn't lend itself to a quantitative approach. If detailed accounts per surface area unit are theoretically feasible, the impression of precision resulting from the figured results is an illusion, because of the very large density variations of sessile organisms, either horizontally along a quay in its whole length, or in the course of time, even during the same season from one year to next one (BRETON et al, 1996). Moreover, a certain amount of observation bias is inherent to the method : the number of observed taxa depends theoretically upon dive duration, number of participants, visibility and current conditions, and also upon tide conditions (diving at low tide does not allow the exploration of the intertidal zone). In these conditions, what credit can be attached to the faunal records of sessile or vagile epibenthos made during diving ? Do records of biodiversity have any significance as far as quality of waters is concerned ? The EDF thermic power plant in Le Havre is, for cooling purposes, pumping the water in along the Atlantique quay and returning it, reheated with a difference of temperature from 0° to 9℃, at sea in the eastern end of Mazeline quay. The current, which is turbulent at this outlet is, more or less, canalized by a discontinuous sheet-pile wall (cf. fig. 1). The water flow reaches 22 m~3/s per power section for sections 2 and 4 and reaches 9 m~3/s for section 1. In order to avoid corrosion and fouling in its installation, EDF has been adding some Mexel 432~R, a mixture of alkylamins excluding any heavy metals, halogen or heterocycles to the cooling water, since 1997. Mexel 432~R, which is used in sections 1 and 2, is injected daily in a quantity of 5 to 7 mg/l during 30 minutes for each of these sections. It remains at about 2 mg/l at the outlet. Moreover, in section 4, cooling water is continuously chlorinated through an injection of 1.0 mg/l (KHALANSKI, personal comm., and JENNER et al., 1998). In order to estimate the impact on the environment of these rejects, we have analysed the epibenthos in one site of reference (n°1) and in 6 other sites referred as n°2 to n°7, these being located between the outlet and even beyond the water supply point (n°6); the last site (n°7) is located in a place directly under the influence of the reject coming from the purification station of Le Havre city itself. All these sites are located inside tidal basins in the port (fig. 1). The biodiversity in each site (expressed in taxa for algae and prokaryotes/ sessile animal taxa/vagile animal taxa) is recorded in table 7 and tables 2 to 6 give detailed accounts. This synthesis brings us to the following comments. The number of taxa must not be taken as a strictly arithmetical datum and must be balanced (cf. column estimation biases ), taking into consideration diving conditions, dive duration, number of divers, variety of existing environmental parameters at each site, etc. Authors were not expecting biases to remain low and, excepting few units, data can be compared. Number of rare taxa (for instance observed only once on site during diving operation) or sporadic ones has also been estimated. Taking into account these two corrective elements does not fundamentally modify the relative biodiversities of the explored sites. Finally, when we take into consideration either the number of animal or vegetable taxa, or the total of animal taxa, or only the sedentary animal taxa, results remain globally comparable. It is not our intention to comment upon each dive in succession. We shall briefly mention the rapid increase of the biodiversity between sites
机译：勒阿弗尔博物馆团队过去二十年来一直通过水肺潜水研究勒阿弗尔港口盆地内部的人口（BRETON，1981； BRETON等，1996）。这种方法非常适合检测新来的外来物种[VINCENT＆BRETON，1999;文森特，1999年；布雷顿与文森特，1999； [BRETON，FAASSE，NOEEL＆VINCENT（2002）]，但它并不适合量化方法。如果每个表面积单位的详细说明在理论上是可行的，则由于固着生物的密度变化非常大，无论是沿整个码头的水平方向还是沿码头的整个长度方向，从计算结果得出的精确度印象都是一种错觉时间，甚至是一年到下一年的同一季节（BRETON等，1996）。此外，该方法固有一定的观测偏差：观测到的分类单元的数量在理论上取决于潜水时间，参与者人数，能见度和当前状况以及潮汐条件（在退潮时潜水不允许探索潮间带）。在这种情况下，潜水过程中的无柄或易变表皮动物的动物学记录能获得什么荣誉？就水质而言，生物多样性记录是否具有重要意义？出于冷却目的，位于勒阿弗尔的EDF热电厂将水沿着《大西洋》码头泵入，然后将其返回，并在温度为0°至9℃的温差下重新加热到《迷宫》码头。在此出口处湍流的电流或多或少地被不连续的薄板桩壁所覆盖（参见图1）。对于第2部分和第4部分，每个功率部分的水流量达到22 m〜3 / s，对于第1部分，水流量达到9 m〜3 / s。为避免安装中的腐蚀和结垢，EDF已添加了一些Mexel 432〜R ，是自1997年以来在冷却水中加入的烷基胺的混合物，不含重金属，卤素或杂环。在第1部分和第2部分中使用的Mexel 432〜R在30天内每天注射5至7 mg / l这些部分的每分钟。在出口处仍为约2 mg / l。此外，在第4节中，冷却水通过注入1.0 mg / l的水进行连续氯化处理（KHALANSKI，个人通讯，JENNER等，1998）。为了估算这些废品对环境的影响，我们分析了基准位置（n°1）和其他6个位置（n°2至n°7）中的表皮动物，它们位于出口和出口之间。甚至超过供水点（n°6）；最后一个站点（n°7）位于勒阿弗尔市本身净化站产生的废弃物直接影响的地方。所有这些地点都位于港口的潮汐盆地内（图1）。每个地点的生物多样性（表述为藻类和原核生物/无柄动物类群/易变性动物类群的分类单位），表2至表6给出了详细说明。这种综合使我们得出以下评论。不能将分类单元的数量视为严格的算术数据，而必须加以平衡（请参阅“估计偏差”列），其中要考虑到潜水条件，潜水时间，潜水员数量，每个场所的各种现有环境参数等等。作者并不期望偏差会保持很低，并且除少数单位外，其他所有数据都可以进行比较。还估计了稀有分类单元（例如，在潜水操作中仅在现场观察到一次）或零星分类单元的数量。考虑到这两个纠正因素并不能从根本上改变勘探地点的相对生物多样性。最后，当我们考虑动物或植物类群的数量，或动物类群的总数，或仅考虑久坐的动物类群时，结果仍具有全球可比性。我们无意对每次潜水进行评论。我们将简要提及站点之间生物多样性的迅速增加

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