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Nuclear reprogramming: the strategy used in normal development is also used in somatic cell nuclear transfer and parthenogenesis

机译：核重编程：正常发育中使用的策略也用于体细胞核转移和孤雌生殖

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Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and parthenogenesis are alternative forms of reproduction and development, building new life cycles on differentiated somatic cell nuclei and duplicated maternal chromatin, respectively. In the preceding paper (Sun F, et al., Cell Res 2007; 17:117-134.), we showed that an "erase-and-rebuild" strategy is used in normal development to transform the maternal gene expression profile to a zygotic one. Here, we investigate if the same strategy also applies to SCNT and parthenogenesis. The relationship between chromatin and chromatin factors (CFs) during SCNT and parthenogenesis was examined using immunochemical and GFP-fusion protein assays. Results from these studies indicated that soon after nuclear transfer, a majority of CFs dissociated from somatic nuclei and were redistributed to the cytoplasm of the egg. The erasure process in oogenesis is recaptured during the initial phase in SCNT. Most CFs entered pseudo-pronuclei shortly after their formation. In parthenogenesis, all parthenogenotes underwent normal oogenesis, and thus had removed most CFs from chromosomes before the initiation of development. The CFs were subsequently re-associated with female pronuclei in time and sequence similar to that in fertilized embryos. Based on these data, we conclude that the "erase-and-rebuild" process observed in normal development also occurs in SCNT and in parthenogenesis, albeit in altered fashions. The process is responsible for transcription reprogramming in these procedures. The "erase" process in SCNT is compressed and the efficiency is compromised, which likely contribute to the developmental defects often observed in nuclear transfer (nt) embryos. Furthermore, results from this study indicated that the cytoplasm of an egg contains most, if not all, essential components for assembling the zygotic program and can assemble them onto appropriate diploid chromatin of distinct origins.
机译：体细胞核转移（SCNT）和孤雌生殖是生殖和发育的替代形式，分别在分化的体细胞核和重复的母体染色质上建立了新的生命周期。在之前的论文（Sun F等人，Cell Res 2007； 17：117-134。）中，我们表明在正常发育过程中使用了“擦除并重建”策略将母体基因表达谱转化为合子。在这里，我们调查是否相同的策略也适用于SCNT和孤雌生殖。使用免疫化学和GFP融合蛋白分析检查了SCNT和单性生殖过程中染色质和染色质因子（CFs）之间的关系。这些研究的结果表明，核转移后不久，大多数CF从体细胞核解离并重新分布到卵的细胞质中。在SCNT的初始阶段，重新捕获了卵子发生的擦除过程。大多数CF在形成后不久进入伪原核。在孤雌生殖中，所有孤雌生殖器官都经历了正常的卵子发生，因此在发育开始之前已从染色体上去除了大多数CF。随后将CFs与雌性前核在时间和序列上重新关联，类似于受精胚胎。基于这些数据，我们得出结论，在正常发育中观察到的“擦除和重建”过程也发生在SCNT和孤雌生殖中，尽管其方式有所改变。该过程负责这些程序中的转录重编程。 SCNT中的“擦除”过程受到压缩，效率受到损害，这很可能导致经常在核移植（nt）胚胎中观察到的发育缺陷。此外，这项研究的结果表明，卵的细胞质包含大多数（如果不是全部）组装合子程序的必要成分，并且可以将它们组装到不同来源的适当二倍体染色质上。

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