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Nitric oxide production by hemocytes of the ascidian Styela plicata

机译：海藻Styela plicata的血细胞产生一氧化氮

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摘要

Ascidian hemolymph contains various types of blood cells (hemocytes), which are believed to be involved in defense mechanisms. We have studied nitric-oxide (NO) synthase activity in hemocytes of the ascidian Styela plicata after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To investigate which cell types are involved in NO production, we first identified, by electron microscopy, the types of hemocytes previously described, mainly by light microscopy, by others. Five types of blood cells could be recognized in the hemolymph: granulocytes, hemoblasts, lymphocyte-like cells, morula cells, and pigment cells. The lymphocyte-like cells produced the most NO. In agreement with studies of other invertebrates, nitrite generation did not change after LPS stimulation in assays in vitro, under either different concentrations of LPS or different time periods. Therefore, we performed an in vivo assay by injecting a known quantity of Escherichia coli into the tunic of the ascidians in order to investigate possible differences in NO levels. No increase of NO occurred accompanying the inflammatory reaction suggesting that another molecule in the pathway was involved. We found that nuclear factor κB (NFκB) was activated. Since NFκB is involved in the production of many substances related to immune responses, additional molecules might also be generated in response to E. coli infection. These observations may improve our understanding of the reaction of animals to eutrophic conditions.
机译：海鞘血淋巴含有各种类型的血细胞（血细胞），据信它们参与了防御机制。我们已经研究了暴露于脂多糖（LPS）后的海生Styela plicata血细胞中的一氧化氮（NO）合酶活性。为了研究哪些细胞类型参与NO产生，我们首先通过电子显微镜确定了先前描述的血细胞类型，主要是通过光学显微镜确定了其他类型。血淋巴中可识别五种血细胞：粒细胞，成血细胞，类淋巴细胞，桑ula细胞和色素细胞。淋巴细胞样细胞产生最多的NO。与其他无脊椎动物的研究一致，在不同浓度的LPS或不同的时间段下，体外测定中LPS刺激后亚硝酸盐的生成没有改变。因此，我们通过将已知量的大肠杆菌注射到海鞘的外套中进行了体内试验，以研究NO水平的可能差异。炎症反应未伴随NO的增加，提示该途径中涉及另一分子。我们发现核因子κB（NFκB）被激活。由于NFκB参与了许多与免疫反应有关的物质的产生，因此可能还会产生其他分子来响应大肠杆菌感染。这些观察结果可以增进我们对动物对富营养化条件反应的理解。

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