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首页> 外文期刊>Chemosphere >Sublethal effects enhance detrimental impact of insecticides on non-target organisms: A quantitative synthesis in parasitoids
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Sublethal effects enhance detrimental impact of insecticides on non-target organisms: A quantitative synthesis in parasitoids

机译：亚致死作用增强了杀虫剂对非目标生物的有害影响：拟寄生物的定量合成

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摘要

Parasitoids acting as biocontrol agents provide farmers with valuable ecosystem services, but are sensitive to insecticides applied against pests. Besides lethal effects of insecticides, sublethal effects observed among survivors may further influence parasitoids' performance. However, information on sublethal effects is scattered across case studies, without a quantitative synthesis and evaluation of generality of respective data. We conducted an analysis of 85 primary empirical datasets to quantify sublethal effects of insecticide application on two key parameters of parasitoid fitness, offspring production and proportion of females among offspring (i.e. sex ratio). To create a direct link to existing agricultural practices, we primarily focused on studies in which parasitoids were exposed to field-recommended concentrations of insecticides. Insecticide-exposed females produced substantially fewer and more male-biased offspring, accounting for an average of about 28% cumulative loss in parasitoid reproductive capacity per generation. The magnitude of sublethal effects was significantly affected by insecticide mode of action, with broad-spectrum insecticides being particularly harmful to parasitoid reproductive performance. Transgenic crops and toxins derived from such plants were generally associated with weaker sublethal effects than majority of synthetic insecticides. Nevertheless, species responses, even to the same insecticides and transgenic crops, showed high variability, cautioning against extrapolating results from individual studies to a wider range of species. Overall, our results indicate that sublethal side-effects on parasitoid reproductive performance represent a significant and widespread cost of insecticides that should explicitly be taken into account when evaluating their harmfulness. Linking laboratory results to field situations remains a key challenge for future research. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：用作生物防治剂的寄生虫为农民提供了宝贵的生态系统服务，但对杀虫剂使用的杀虫剂敏感。除了杀虫剂的致死作用外，幸存者中观察到的亚致死作用可能进一步影响寄生物的性能。但是，关于亚致死作用的信息分散在各个案例研究中，而没有对各个数据的普遍性进行定量的综合和评估。我们对85个主要的经验数据集进行了分析，以量化杀虫剂施用对致寄生物适应性，后代生产和后代中雌性比例（即性别比）这两个关键参数的亚致死作用。为了建立与现有农业实践的直接联系，我们主要侧重于将寄生虫暴露于田间推荐浓度的杀虫剂的研究。暴露于杀虫剂的雌性产生的后代数量要少得多，而雄性有偏见的子代则更多，占每一代寄生虫繁殖能力平均平均约28％的累积损失。亚致死作用的程度受到杀虫剂作用方式的显着影响，广谱杀虫剂对类寄生物的繁殖性能特别有害。与大多数合成杀虫剂相比，衍生自此类植物的转基因作物和毒素通常具有较弱的亚致死作用。然而，即使对相同的杀虫剂和转基因作物，物种的反应也显示出高度的变异性，警告不要将个别研究的结果推断到更广泛的物种。总的来说，我们的结果表明，对类寄生物繁殖性能的亚致死性副作用代表了杀虫剂的巨大而广泛的成本，在评估其危害性时应明确考虑这些成本。将实验室结果与现场情况联系起来仍然是未来研究的关键挑战。 （C）2018 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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