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Photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole in various aqueous media: Persistence, toxicity and photoproducts assessment

机译：磺胺甲恶唑在各种水性介质中的光降解：持久性，毒性和光产物评估

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摘要

The photochemical transformation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was investigated in different water matrices: distilled water (DW), distilled water + nitrate (10 and 20 mg L~(-1)) and seawater (SW) to evaluate its persistence, toxicity and degradation pathway. A solar simulator Suntest CPS+ was used for the irradiation experiments. Identification of transformation products was performed in DW by liquid chromatog-raphy-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). Acute toxicity of irradiated solutions was monitored by Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays in DW. Differences in the degradation rates were observed between DW and SW, being slower in SW. Presence of nitrate (indirect photolysis) in distilled water did not affect SMX degradation rate. No dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal was observed in any case, thus indicating the formation of abundant transformation products (TPs). Analysis by LC-TOF-MS allowed the identification of up to nine transformation products during photolysis in DW. Only three of them had been previously reported in the literature, detected with other techniques. The cleavage of the sulfonamide bond and the photoisomerization by rearrangement of the isoxazole ring represent the main pathways, at the time that generate the most abundant and persistent intermediates. The acute toxicity of SMX solution varied according to test organisms. Daphnia magna was the most sensitive showing an increase from 60% to 100% immobilization after 30 h of irradiation when depletion of SMX was achieved, thus indicating the higher toxicity of the phototransformation products generated.
机译：研究了磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）在不同水基质中的光化学转化：蒸馏水（DW），蒸馏水+硝酸盐（10和20 mg L〜（-1））和海水（SW），以评估其持久性，毒性和降解途径。将太阳模拟器Suntest CPS +用于辐照实验。通过液相色谱-飞行时间质谱（LC-TOF-MS）在DW中进行转化产物的鉴定。通过DW中的费氏弧菌和大型蚤（Daphnia magna）生物测定法监测辐照溶液的急性毒性。在DW和SW之间观察到降解速率的差异，SW的降解速率较慢。蒸馏水中硝酸盐（间接光解）的存在不会影响SMX的降解速度。在任何情况下均未观察到溶解的有机碳（DOC）去除，因此表明形成了丰富的转化产物（TPs）。通过LC-TOF-MS分析，可以在DW的光解过程中鉴定出多达九种转化产物。以前在文献中仅报道了其中三个，并使用其他技术对其进行了检测。磺酰胺键的裂解和通过异恶唑环的重排进行的光异构化是当时产生最丰富和持久的中间体的主要途径。 SMX溶液的急性毒性根据测试生物而异。当达到SMX耗竭状态时，大型蚤（Daphnia magna）最敏感，在辐照30 h后固定率从60％增加到100％，因此表明产生的光转化产物具有较高的毒性。

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  • 来源
    《Chemosphere》 |2009年第10期|1292-1298|共7页
  • 作者

    Alam G. Trovo; Raquel F.P. Nogueira; Ana Agueera; Carla Sirtori; Amadeo R. Fernandez-Alba;

  • 作者单位

    UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Institute of Chemistry of Araraquara, Department of Analytical Chemistry, CP 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil UFSM, Santa Maria Federal University (CESNORS), Biology Department. PO Box 511, 98300-000 Palmeira das Missoes, RS, Brazil;

    UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Institute of Chemistry of Araraquara, Department of Analytical Chemistry, CP 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil;

    Pesticide Residues Group, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain;

    Pesticide Residues Group, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain The Capes Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, PO Box 365, Brasilia DF 70359-970, Brazil;

    Pesticide Residues Group, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    pharmaceuticals; liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; transformation product;

    机译：药品;液相色谱质谱;转型产品;

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