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Strategies of delayed self-pollination in Kosteletzkya virginica

机译：初生Kosteletzkya的延迟自花授粉策略

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Though in the face of selection against self-pollination, mixed pollination systems are maintained in many plants. The transition from outcrossing to self-fertilization is one of the most common evolutionary trends in angio-sperms~([1]). Floral morphological characters and behavior influence plant pollination mode and reproductive success, such as herkogamy~([2,3]), dichogamy~([2,3]), floral movement, and corolla abscission~([4-6]). If a plant population relies solely on animal vectors to move pollen among individuals and if pollinators are absent or in low numbers at certain times or years, individuals that can self-pollinate if not previously outcrossed will be at a selective advan-tage~([7]). This process is termed "delayed selfing" by Lloyd and Schoen'81 in that self-pollination is delayed until after the opportunity for outcrossing has passed. Delayed self-ing is regarded as a reproductive adaptability, because it apparently ensures seed production when pollinators are scare, yet it allows outcrossing to predominate when they are abundant~([8-10]). Different floral part movements may cause delayed selfing, such as the late curling of stylar lobes, such that the stigmatic surface touches the anthers (Hibiscus laevis~([10]) and Campanula spp.~([11]), stamens bending upwards late in flowering, causing anthers to collide with the stigma (Kalmia latifolia~([12]) and Collinsia verna~([9]), stamens progressively elongate towards the exerted stigrna late in flowering (Aquilegia Canadensis~([13])), stigmas being brushed by the anthers of epipetalous stamens during corolla abscission (Lupinus nanus~([14])), and simultaneous stylar movement and corolla abscission (Mimulus guttatus~([6])). Reproductive assurance (RA)~([4]) is the most longstanding and most widely accepted explanation for the evolution of selfing~([15,16]). Though exemplifications of selfing supporting RA had been reported in some plants~([17-21]), only Kalisz et al~([22,23]) and Herlihy and Eckert[16] combined pollen discouting, seed discounting, selfing rate and inbreeding depression to test RA in different populations in different years. Kalisz et al.'s exemplification ~([22,23]) showed that delayed selfing of C. verna supports RA; however Herlihy and Eckert's research~([16]) indicated that autonomous selfing in Aquilegia canadensis increases seed production; however, this benefit is outweighed by the loss of high quality seed as a result of seed discounting and inbreeding depression.
机译：尽管面对选择反对自花授粉，但许多植物仍维持混合授粉系统。从异体杂交到自体受精的转变是血管精子中最常见的进化趋势之一[1]。花的形态特征和行为影响植物的授粉模式和繁殖成功，例如herkogamy〜（[2,3]），dichogamy〜（[2,3]），花的运动和花冠脱落〜（[4-6]）。如果植物种群仅依靠动物媒介在个体之间移动花粉，并且在某些时间或年份缺少传粉媒介或传粉媒介数量少，那么如果以前没有杂交，能够自花授粉的个体将处于选择性优势（[ 7]）。劳埃德（Lloyd）和斯科恩（Schoen'81）将此过程称为“延迟自交”，因为自花授粉被延迟到异族交配的机会过去之后。延迟自交被认为是繁殖适应性的，因为当传粉媒介受到恐吓时，它可以确保种子的生产，而当传粉媒介丰富时，它可以使杂种占主导地位[[8-10]]。不同的花部运动可能会导致自交延迟，例如迟发的叶片裂片，从而使花柱表面接触花药（Hibiscus laevis〜（[10]）和Campanula spp。〜（[11]），雄蕊向后弯曲。在开花过程中，导致花药与柱头（Kalmia latifolia〜（[12]）和Collinsia verna〜（[9]）相撞，雄蕊在开花后期（Aquilegia Canadensis〜（[13]））逐渐向着施加的雌蕊伸长。花冠脱落（Lupinus nanus〜（[14]）），同时有动茎运动和花冠脱落（Mimulus guttatus〜（[6]））被表皮雄蕊的花药刷过柱头，生殖保证（RA）〜（[4] ]）是自交进化的最长期，最广泛接受的解释[[15,16]）。虽然在某些植物中已经报道了支持自交RA的例证〜[[17-21]），但只有Kalisz等人〜（[22,23]）和Herlihy and Eckert [16]结合了花粉检测，种子折扣，自交率和近交抑郁症以测试不同年份不同人群中的RA。 Kalisz等人的示例〜[[22,23]）表明，迟发假单胞菌的自交支持RA。但是，Herlihy和Eckert的研究[[16]]表明，加拿大A木的自主自交增加了种子的产量。但是，由于种子打折和近交抑制导致优质种子的损失，这种益处远远超过了收益。

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