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Urban village redevelopment in Beijing: The state-dominated formalization of informal housing

机译：北京城市村庄的再开发：国家主导的非正式住房的形式化

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AbstractTo the modernist and image building Chinese state, urban villages are unique but a transitional phenomenon of urbanization where peri-urban peasants have built substandard informal houses for low-income earners. Since the late 2000s, the Beijing government began forced redevelopment of urban villages at prime and strategically located sites. Potential of high value returns has enabled the municipal government to offer relatively high compensation rates, creating hence a new multimillion “propertied” class. While new estates have edged out low-income tenants, they have created “gentrified” resettlement communities with predominantly middle- to high-income high-tech tenants or owner-occupiers. Supported by site surveys, this paper examines this state-dominated property formalization and regularization process, and the ways in which informalities have been replaced by a sharp value uplift shared between local governments and local peasants. It is also noted that such replacement has created a new frontier of social inequalities where dislocated low-wage tenants have been eliminated and have to source affordable residence in more remote places. Policy implication of this paper is about how best to resettle them as equal citizens of the city.Highlights•City reimaging and land revaluation are two key factors behind the elimination of urban villages.•Statutorily weak migrant workers are absolute losers and are edged out in this process.•The gentrification process has seen replacing residents who are peasant landlords and highly qualified high-income earners.•Peasant landlords made a windfall of fortune as a result of higher bargaining power, rising property prices and land scarcity.
机译： 摘要 对于中国现代主义和形象建设国家而言，城市村庄是独特的，但却是城市化的过渡现象，在这个过程中，城郊农民建立了不合标准的非正式住房。低收入者的房子。自2000年代后期以来，北京政府开始在地理位置优越且地理位置优越的地点强制重建城市村庄。高价值回报的潜力使市政府能够提供相对较高的补偿率，从而创造了数百万个新的“专有”类别。尽管新的房地产淘汰了低收入的租户，但他们创建了“中产阶级化”的移民社区，其中主要是中高收入的高科技租户或业主。在现场调查的支持下，本文研究了这种由国家主导的财产形式化和正规化过程，以及通过地方政府和当地农民之间共享的价值急剧上升来取代非正式行为的方式。还应指出的是，这种替代已经造成了社会不平等的新领域，流离失所的低薪租户被淘汰，不得不在更偏远的地方寻找负担得起的住所。本文的政策含义是如何最好地让他们重新成为城市的平等公民。 突出显示 • < ce：para id =“ p0005” view =“ all”>城市重塑和土地重估是消除城市村庄的两个关键因素。 • 法定上较弱的移民工人是绝对的失败者，并且在此过程中处于边缘地位。 • 高档化进程已取代居民农民地主和高素质的高收入者。 • 由于议价能力提高，房地产价格上涨和土地稀缺，农民地主发了大财。

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