Ammonia is an important component in fertilisers used for food production. When it penetrates through to parts of the environment where it is unwanted, it becomes the source of damage to human health and damage to ecosystems. Ammonia in wastewater is a perennial issue to be addressed. There are many approaches that may be taken to successfully address the problem. The real issue is not so much what can be done, but which of the available options is the best for the specific circumstances under consideration. The classic nitrogen cycle gives us various robust approaches employing bacteria which are well known and widely applied. These biological nitrogen removal processes include nitrification, nitritation, and anammox. Oxygen and carbon are variously applied (anammox does not require a carbon addition) to manage bacterial colonies to reduce ammonia, whilst producing varying amounts of sludge and carbon dioxide.
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