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Evaluation of Mediterranean Sea water and heat budgets simulated by an ensemble of high resolution regional climate models

机译：高分辨率区域气候模型集合对地中海水和热预算的评估

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摘要

Air-sea heat and freshwater water fluxes in the Mediterranean Sea play a crucial role in dense water formation. Here, we compare estimates of Mediterranean Sea heat and water budgets from a range of observational datasets and discuss the main differences between them. Taking into account the closure hypothesis at the Gibraltar Strait, we have built several observational estimates of water and heat budgets by combination of their different observational components. We provide then three estimates for water budget and one for heat budget that satisfy the closure hypothesis. We then use these observational estimates to assess the ability of an ensemble of ERA40-driven high resolution (25 km) Regional Climate Models (RCMs) from the FP6-EU ENSEMBLES database, to simulate the various components, and net values, of the water and heat budgets. Most of the RCM Mediterranean basin means are within the range spanned by the observational estimates of the different budget components, though in some cases the RCMs have a tendency to overestimate the latent heat flux (or evaporation) with respect to observations. The RCMs do not show significant improvements of the total water budget estimates comparing to ERA40. Moreover, given the large spread found in observational estimates of precipitation over the sea, it is difficult to draw conclusions on the performance of RCM for the freshwater budget and this underlines the need for better precipitation observations. The original ERA40 value for the basin mean net heat flux is -15 W/m2 which is 10 W/m2 less than the value of -5 W/m2 inferred from the transport measurements at Gibraltar Strait. The ensemble of heat budget values estimated from the models show that most of RCMs do not achieve heat budget closure. However, the ensemble mean value for the net heat flux is -7 ± 21 W/m2, which is close to the Gibraltar value, although the spread between the RCMs is large. Since the RCMs are forced by the same boundary conditions (ERA40 and sea surface temperatures) and have the same horizontal resolution and spatial domain, the reason for the large spread must reside in the physical parameterizations. To conclude, improvements are urgently required to physical parameterizations in state-of-the-art regional climate models, to reduce the large spread found in our analysis and to obtain better water and heat budget estimates over the Mediterranean Sea.
机译：地中海海中的海热和淡水通量在致密水的形成中起着至关重要的作用。在这里，我们比较了一系列观测数据集对地中海热量和水预算的估计，并讨论了两者之间的主要差异。考虑到直布罗陀海峡的封闭假设，我们结合了不同的观测要素，建立了一些水和热预算的观测估计。然后，我们提供三个满足封闭假设的水预算估算和一个热预算估算。然后，我们使用这些观测估计值来评估FP6-EU ENSEMBLES数据库中由ERA40驱动的高分辨率（25 km）区域气候模型（RCM）集合的能力，以模拟水的各种成分和净值和热量预算。尽管在某些情况下，RCM倾向于相对于观测高估潜在的热通量（或蒸发量），但大多数RCM地中海盆地均值都在不同预算组成部分的观测估计所涵盖的范围内。与ERA40相比，RCM的总水预算估算没有明显改善。此外，鉴于对海洋降水的观测估计值存在较大的差异，因此很难就淡水预算的RCM性能得出结论，这突出了需要更好的降水观测的必要性。流域平均净热通量的原始ERA40值为-15 W / m2，比在直布罗陀海峡进行的运输测量得出的-5 W / m2的值低10 W / m2。通过模型估算的热预算值合计表明，大多数RCM均未实现热预算关闭。但是，尽管RCM之间的差异很大，但净热通量的总体平均值为-7±21 W / m2，接近直布罗陀值。由于RCM受相同的边界条件（ERA40和海面温度）强迫，并且具有相同的水平分辨率和空间域，因此，大范围散布的原因必须在于物理参数设置中。总而言之，迫切需要改进最新的区域气候模型中的物理参数，以减少我们分析中发现的大范围扩散，并获得更好的地中海水和热预算估算。

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  • 来源
    《Climate dynamics》 |2011年第10期|p.2067-2086|共20页
  • 作者

    E. Sanchez-Gomez; S. Somot; S. A. Josey; C. Dnbois; N. Eleuindi; M. Deaue;

  • 作者单位

    CERFACS/CNRS, SUC URA1875, 42 Av. G. Coriolis,31057 Toulouse Cedex, France;

    CNRM/GAME, Meteo-France/CNRS, Toulouse, France;

    National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK;

    CNRM/GAME, Meteo-France/CNRS, Toulouse, France;

    LA, CNRS, Toulouse, France;

    National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK;

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