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首页> 外文期刊>Climatic Change >Carbon sequestration and environmental effects of afforestation with Pinus radiata D. Don in the Western Cape, South Africa
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Carbon sequestration and environmental effects of afforestation with Pinus radiata D. Don in the Western Cape, South Africa

机译：南非西开普松辐射松D.Don的固碳和造林对环境的影响

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摘要

A three-step methodology to assess the carbon sequestration and the environmental impact of afforestation projects in the framework of the Flexible Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol (Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanism) was developed and tested using a dataset collected from the Jonkershoek forest plantation, Western Cape, South Africa, which was established with Pinus radiata in former native fynbos vegetation and indigenous forest. The impact of a change in land use was evaluated for a multifunctional, a production and a non-conversion scenario. First, the carbon balance was modelled with GORCAM and was expressed as (1) C sequestration in tC ha?1 year?1 in soil, litter, and living biomass according to the rules of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, and (2) CO2 emission reductions in tC ha?1 year?1, which includes carbon sequestered in the above-mentioned pools and additionally in wood products, as well as emission reductions due to fossil fuel substitution. To estimate forest growth, three data sources were used: (1) inventory data, (2) growth simulation with a process-based model, and (3) yield tables. Second, the effects of land use change were assessed for different project scenarios using a method related to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The method uses 17 quantitative indicators to describe the impact of project activities on water, soil, vegetation cover and biodiversity. Indicator scores were calculated by comparing indicator values with reference values, estimated for the climax vegetation. The climax vegetation is the site-specific ecosystem phase with the highest exergy content and the highest exergy flow dissipation capacity. Third, the land use impact per functional unit of 1 tC sequestered was calculated by combining the results of step 1 and step 2. The average baselines to obtain carbon additionality are 476 tC ha?1 for indigenous forest and 32 tC ha?1 for fynbos. Results show that the influence of the growth assessment method on the magnitude of C sequestration and hence on the environmental impact per functional unit is large. When growth rate is assessed with the mechanistic model and with the yield table, it is overestimated in the early years and underestimated in the long term. The main conclusion of the scenario analysis is that the production forest scenario causes higher impacts per functional unit than the multifunctional scenario, but with the latter being less efficient in avoiding CO2 emissions. The proposed method to assess impacts on diverse components of the ecosystem is able to estimate the general tendency of the adverse and positive effects of each scenario. However, some indicators, more specifically about biodiversity and water balance, could be improved or reinterpreted in light of specific local data about threat to biodiversity and water status.
机译：开发了一种三步方法，用于评估《京都议定书》弹性机制（联合实施和清洁发展机制）框架下的固碳和造林项目对环境的影响，并使用了从鸡场森林种植园收集的数据集进行了测试，南非西开普，由辐射松（Pinus radiata）建立在原本地的雌雄同体的植被和原始森林中。针对多功能，生产和非转化方案，评估了土地用途变化的影响。首先，用GORCAM模拟碳平衡，并表示为（1）根据第一承诺的规则，在土壤，垃圾和活生物量中的tC ha？1 年？1 中的碳固存（2）降低tC ha？1 年？1 中的CO2排放量，其中包括上述池中以及碳氢化合物中的碳固存，以及由于替代化石燃料而产生的减排量。为了估算森林的生长，使用了三个数据源：（1）库存数据，（2）使用基于过程的模型进行生长模拟，以及（3）产量表。其次，使用与生命周期评估（LCA）有关的方法，针对不同项目情景评估了土地利用变化的影响。该方法使用17个定量指标来描述项目活动对水，土壤，植被覆盖和生物多样性的影响。指标得分是通过将指标值与针对高潮植被估算的参考值进行比较来计算的。高潮植被是特定地点的生态系统阶段，其火用含量最高，火用流耗散能力最高。第三，结合步骤1和步骤2的结果，计算出每单位功能固存的土地利用影响为1 tC。获得碳额外性的平均基准是，原始森林的476 tC ha？1 和32 tC fynbos的？1 。结果表明，生长评估方法对固碳量的影响很大，因此对每个功能单元的环境影响也很大。如果用机械模型和产量表评估增长率，则在早期就高估了增长率，而从长期来看则低估了增长率。情景分析的主要结论是，生产森林情景对每个功能单元的影响要大于多功能情景，但后者在避免CO2排放方面效率较低。所提出的评估对生态系统各个组成部分的影响的方法能够估计每种情况的不利和正面影响的一般趋势。但是，根据有关生物多样性和水状况威胁的具体地方数据，可以改进或重新解释某些指标，尤其是有关生物多样性和水平衡的指标。

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  • 来源
    《Climatic Change》 |2007年第3期|323-355|共33页
  • 作者

    Juan F. García-Quijano; Jan Peters; Liesbet Cockx; Gerrit van Wyk; Andrei Rosanov; Gaby Deckmyn; Reinhart Ceulemans; Shane M. Ward; Nicholas M. Holden; Jos Van Orshoven; Bart Muys;

  • 作者单位

    Division Forest Nature and Landscape Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200E 3001 Leuven Belgium;

    Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Management Ghent University Coupure links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium;

    Department of Soil Management and Soil Care Ghent University Coupure links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium;

    Department of Forest and Wood Science Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1 7602 Matieland South Africa;

    Department of Soil Science University of Stellenbosch Private Bag X1 7602 Matieland South Africa;

    Department of Biology University of Antwerp 2610 Wilrijk Belgium;

    Department of Biology University of Antwerp 2610 Wilrijk Belgium;

    Department of Biosystems Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland;

    Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland;

    Division Forest Nature and Landscape Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200E 3001 Leuven Belgium;

    Division Forest Nature and Landscape Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200E 3001 Leuven Belgium;

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