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Glycobiology of Neural Stem Cells

机译：神经干细胞的糖生物学

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摘要

The mammalian central nervous system is organized by a variety of cells, such as neurons and glial cells, that are generated from a common progenitor, the neural stem cell (NSC). NSCs are defined as undifferentiated neural cells that are characterized by their high proliferative potential while retaining the capacity for self-renewal and multipotency. NSCs and their progeny may be distinguished by the expression of glycoconjugates (e.g., glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans). The carbohydrate antigens carried by glycoconjugates are mainly localized on the plasma membrane surface of the cells and they serve as excellent biomarkers for various stages of cellular differentiation. Thus, they have been utilized as ligands for sorting NSCs or their progeny by cell cytometry. Methods have been established for utilizing polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1), and gangliosides for cell sorting. Furthermore, glycoconjugates have also been suggested to have a wide range of receptor and signaling functions in NSCs. For example, basic fibroblast growth factor, an important mitogen of NSCs, requires heparan sulfate proteoglycans and glycosylated cystatin C for activity. Notch signaling, which regulates a wide variety of developmental processes in various cells including NSCs, is modulated by the O-fucose glycan modification. In peripheral nervous system (PNS), the human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) antigen regulates the migration of neural crest cells, cell populations containing the stem cells. Thus, glycoconjugates serve not only as marker molecules, but also as functional molecules as well. In the present review, we discuss the expression pattern and possible functions of glycoconjugates in NSCs.
机译：哺乳动物的中枢神经系统由各种细胞（例如神经元和神经胶质细胞）组成，这些细胞是由共同的祖先神经干细胞（NSC）产生的。 NSC被定义为未分化的神经细胞，其特征在于其高增殖潜能，同时保留自我更新和多能能力。 NSC及其后代可以通过糖缀合物（例如糖蛋白，糖脂和蛋白聚糖）的表达来区分。糖缀合物所携带的碳水化合物抗原主要位于细胞的质膜表面，它们可作为细胞分化各个阶段的出色生物标记。因此，它们已被用作通过细胞流式细胞术对NSC或其后代进行分选的配体。已经建立了利用聚唾液酸-神经细胞粘附分子（PSA-NCAM），阶段特异性胚胎抗原-1（SSEA-1）和神经节苷脂进行细胞分选的方法。此外，还已经提出糖缀合物在NSC中具有广泛的受体和信号传导功能。例如，碱性成纤维细胞生长因子是NSC的重要促分裂原，它需要硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖和糖基化胱抑素C才能发挥活性。刻槽信号传导通过O-岩藻糖聚糖修饰来调节，该信号传导在包括NSC在内的各种细胞中调节多种发育过程。在周围神经系统（PNS）中，人类自然杀伤分子1（HNK-1）抗原调节神经rest细胞（包含干细胞的细胞群）的迁移。因此，糖缀合物不仅用作标记分子，而且还用作功能分子。在本综述中，我们讨论了糖缀合物在NSCs中的表达模式和可能的功能。

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