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Modeling wave effects on storm surge and coastal inundation

机译：模拟波浪对风暴潮和沿海淹没的影响

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We present a parametric study of surface wave effects on storm surge and coastal inundation. Hurricane wind forcing terms, atmosphere pressure gradient terms, and radiation open boundary conditions are implemented into an existing quasi-3D nearshore model, NearCoM-TVD, which uses a shock-capturing TVD scheme and can better simulate the wetting-drying process during inundation than a conventional finite difference model. Systematic numerical experiments are carried out in an idealized continental shelf-beach-land system to identify the role of waves in modeling storm surge and inundation under different storm characteristics. Four storm parameters, including storm intensity, storm size, translation speed and incident angle are investigated. Modeling results reveal that the presence of waves can increase the maximum storm surge heights significantly through wave setup, and the contribution of waves varies considerably depending on the storm characteristics. In addition to direct wave forcing, the wave-enhanced bottom stress in the surfzone also promotes higher wave setup and hence higher surge heights. Waves also have a major influence on the maximum inland inundation distance, however, we find that waves do not always favor more inundation as expected. For storms traveling at very slow translation speeds or nearly parallel to the coast, waves surprisingly exert a negative effect on the maximum inundation distance. We argue that wave-enhanced bottom stress combined with longer forcing duration in such storms counteract the positive effect of wave setup, and thus less inundation is predicted in wave-current coupled simulations. Our results highlight the necessity of fully-incorporating wave effects in storm surge and inundation modeling.
机译：我们提出表面波对风暴潮和沿海淹没影响的参数研究。飓风强迫项，大气压力梯度项和辐射开放边界条件已在现有的准3D近岸模型NearCoM-TVD中实现，该模型使用了一种捕捉冲击的TVD方案，可以比淹没期间更好地模拟干湿过程。传统的有限差分模型。在理想的大陆架-海滩-陆地系统中进行了系统数值实验，以识别波浪在模拟不同风暴特征下的风暴潮和洪水中的作用。研究了四个风暴参数，包括风暴强度，风暴大小，平移速度和入射角。建模结果表明，波浪的存在会通过波浪的设置显着增加最大风暴潮的高度，并且波浪的贡献会根据风暴的特性而有很大不同。除了直接强迫波浪作用之外，海浪区中波浪增强的底部应力还促进了更高的波浪形成，因此也提高了浪涌高度。波浪对最大内陆淹没距离也有重要影响，但是，我们发现波浪并不总是像预期的那样有利于更多的淹没。对于以极慢的平移速度或几乎平行于海岸的风暴，波浪出奇地对最大淹没距离产生了负面影响。我们认为，在这种风暴中，波浪增强的底部应力与更长的强迫持续时间相抵消，抵消了波浪形成的积极影响，因此在波浪-电流耦合模拟中预测的淹没较少。我们的结果强调了在风暴潮和洪水泛滥模型中充分纳入波浪效应的必要性。

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