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Deformation of rubble-mound breakwaters under cyclic loads

机译：循环荷载作用下瓦砾防波堤的变形

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Rubble-mound breakwaters usually consist of a core of small quarry-run rock protected by one or more intermediate layers or underlayers that separate the core from the cover layers, which are composed of large armor units. Failure of rubble-mound breakwaters may be due to effects such as removal or damage of the armor units, overtopping leading to scouring, toe erosion, loss of the core material, or foundation problems under waves. However, whether rubble mounds fail under seismic loads is unknown. High seismic activity can lead to large settlements and even to failure of the breakwaters. The design of coastal structures should take into account the most relevant factors in each case, including seismic loading. The objective of this study is to understanding the failure mechanisms of conventional breakwater structures under seismic loads on rigid foundations. Hence, an experimental study was carried out on conventional breakwater structures with and without toes, subjected to different dynamic loadings of variable frequencies and amplitudes, in a shaking tank. A shaking tank with a single degree of freedom was developed to study the simple responses of conventional rubble-mound breakwaters under cyclic loads. For each test, an automatic raining crane system was used to achieve the same relative density and porosity of the core material. The input motion induced horizontal accelerations of different magnitudes during the tests. The accelerations and the deformation phases of the model were measured by a data acquisition system and an image processing system. The experiments on the conventional rubble-mound type breakwater model were performed under rigid-bottom conditions. The model's scale was 1:50. Cyclic responses of breakwaters with toes and without toes were examined separately, and their behaviors were compared. The results were compared with a numerical study, and the material properties and failure modes were thus defined.
机译：瓦砾土墩防波堤通常由小型采石场岩石的芯层组成，并由一层或多层中间层或底层保护，这些中间层或底层将芯层与覆盖层分开，覆盖层由大型装甲部队组成。瓦砾防波堤的失效可能是由于诸如装甲单元的拆除或损坏，翻倒导致冲刷，脚趾侵蚀，核心材料的损失或波浪下的地基问题等影响所致。然而，在地震载荷下瓦砾堆是否会失效尚不清楚。强烈的地震活动可能导致大量的沉降，甚至导致防波堤的破坏。在每种情况下，沿海结构的设计应考虑到最相关的因素，包括地震荷载。这项研究的目的是了解常规防波堤结构在刚性基础上的地震荷载作用下的破坏机理。因此，在振动罐中，对具有和没有脚趾的常规防波堤结构进行了实验研究，该结构在不同的动态载荷下具有可变的频率和振幅。开发了具有单自由度的振动罐，以研究常规碎石墩防波堤在循环载荷下的简单响应。对于每个测试，都使用自动雨淋起重机系统来实现芯材的相同相对密度和孔隙率。在测试期间，输入运动引起了不同幅度的水平加速度。通过数据采集系统和图像处理系统测量模型的加速度和变形阶段。在刚性底部条件下进行了常规瓦砾堆式防波堤模型的实验。该模型的比例为1:50。分别检查有脚趾和无脚趾的防波堤的循环响应，并比较其行为。将结果与数值研究进行比较，从而定义了材料性能和破坏模式。

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