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Can We Forget What We Know in a False-Belief Task? An Investigation of the True-Belief Default

机译：我们可以忘记假信念任务中的已知知识吗？真实信念违约行为调查

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摘要

It has been generally assumed in the Theory of Mind literature of the past 30 years that young children fail standard false-belief tasks because they attribute their own knowledge to the protagonist (what Leslie and colleagues called a "true-belief default"). Contrary to the traditional view, we have recently proposed that the children's bias is task induced. This alternative view was supported by studies showing that 3 year olds are able to pass a false-belief task that allows them to focus on the protagonist, without drawing their attention to the target object in the test phase. For a more accurate comparison of these two accounts, the present study tested the true-belief default with adults. Four experiments measuring eye movements and response inhibition revealed that (a) adults do not have an automatic tendency to respond to the false-belief question according to their own knowledge and (b) the true-belief response need not be inhibited in order to correctly predict the protagonist's actions. The positive results observed in the control conditions confirm the accuracy of the various measures used. I conclude that the results of this study undermine the truebelief default view and those models that posit mechanisms of response inhibition in false-belief reasoning. Alternatively, the present study with adults and recent studies with children suggest that participants' focus of attention in false-belief tasks may be key to their performance.
机译：在过去的30年的心理理论文献中，普遍认为幼儿未能通过标准的虚假任务是因为他们将自己的知识归因于主角（莱斯利及其同事称之为“真信念违约”）。与传统观点相反，我们最近提出，孩子的偏见是由任务引起的。研究表明，三岁的孩子能够通过错误的信念任务，使他们专注于主角，而不会在测试阶段将注意力转移到目标对象上，这一观点得到了支持。为了更准确地比较这两种说法，本研究对成年人的真实信念违约进行了测试。四个测量眼球运动和反应抑制的实验表明，（a）成人没有根据自己的知识自动回答错误信念问题的倾向，并且（b）不需要抑制真实信念的反应以正确地进行预测主角的行动。在对照条件下观察到的阳性结果证实了所用各种措施的准确性。我得出的结论是，这项研究的结果破坏了真实信念的默认观点以及那些错误信念推理中抑制响应机制的模型。另外，本项针对成年人的研究和近期针对儿童的研究表明，参与者在虚假信念任务中的关注重点可能是其表现的关键。

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