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Numerical simulation of river ice cover formation and consolidation at freeze-up

机译：冻结期河冰覆盖形成与固结的数值模拟

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River ice researchers have noted the strong dependence of ice cover formation during freeze-up on the air temperature, which influences the ability of the cover to grow a surface ice crust which can quickly add significant resistance to mechanical thickening. However, this link between thermal and dynamic ice processes is often absent in numerical models. In this paper, a new formulation is implemented in a two-dimensional river ice model, which considers the growth of a surface ice crust in a forming ice cover and the associated increase in resistance to consolidation. The crust is permitted to grow based on a critical ice velocity criterion, and the compressive strength of the crust is specified by the user. The model simulates the failure and attendant consolidation of the ice cover in cases where the rate of thermal strengthening is exceeded by the rate of increase of applied forces. Simulations performed on an idealized channel demonstrate the effect of changing the air temperature and crust strength on ice cover formation. The new formulations better simulate the physical processes occurring at freeze-up, increasing the robustness of the model and its applicability to freeze-up scenarios, especially on steeper sloped channels which often exhibit secondary consolidations of the ice cover.
机译：河流冰的研究人员指出，冻结过程中冰盖的形成强烈依赖于空气温度，这会影响冰盖生长表面结冰的能力，从而迅速增加对机械增厚的抵抗力。但是，数值模型中通常不存在热和动态冰过程之间的这种联系。在本文中，在二维河冰模型中实施了一种新的公式，该模型考虑了形成的冰盖中表层冰壳的生长以及相应的抗固结性的增加。外壳根据临界冰速准则生长，并且外壳的抗压强度由用户指定。该模型模拟了当外加力的增加速率超过​​热强化速率时，冰盖的破坏和伴随的固结。在理想化通道上进行的模拟表明，改变气温和结壳强度对冰盖形成的影响。新的公式更好地模拟了冻结过程中发生的物理过程，从而提高了模型的鲁棒性及其在冻结方案中的适用性，尤其是在通常表现出冰盖二次固结的较陡坡道上。

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