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Characterizing major avalanche episodes in space and time in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries in the Catalan Pyrenees

机译：描述加泰罗尼亚比利牛斯​​山脉在二十世纪和二十一世纪初在时空上的主要雪崩事件

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With the aim of better understanding avalanche risk in the Catalan Pyrenees, the present work focuses on the analysis of major (or destructive) avalanches. For such purpose major avalanche cartography was made by an exhaustive photointerpretation of several flights, winter and summer field surveys and inquiries to local population. Major avalanche events were used to quantify the magnitude of the episodes during which they occurred, and a Major Avalanche Activity Magnitude Index (MAAMI) was developed. This index is based on the number of major avalanches registered and its estimated frequency in a given time period, hence it quantifies the magnitude of a major avalanche episode or winter. Furthermore, it permits a comparison of the magnitude between major avalanche episodes in a given mountain range, or between mountain ranges, and for a long enough period, it should allow analysis of temporal trends. Major episodes from winter 1995/96 to 2013/14 were reconstructed. Their magnitude, frequency and extent were also assessed. During the last 19 winters, the episodes of January 22-23 and February 6-8 in 1996 were those with highest MAAMI values, followed by January 30-31,2003, January 29,2006, and January 24-25,2014. To analyze the whole twentieth century, a simplified MAAMI was defined in order to attain the same purpose with a less complete dataset With less accuracy, the same parameters were obtained at winter time resolution throughout the twentieth century. Again, 1995/96 winter had the highest MAAMI value followed by 1971/72,1974/75 and 1937/38 winter seasons. The analysis of the spatial extent of the different episodes allowed refining the demarcation of nivological regions, and improving our knowledge about the atmospheric patterns that cause major episodes and their climatic interpretation. In some cases, the importance of considering a major avalanche episode as the result of a previous preparatory period, followed by a triggering one was revealed.
机译：为了更好地了解加泰罗尼亚比利牛斯​​山脉的雪崩风险，本工作着重分析主要（或破坏性）雪崩。为此，通过对几次飞行，冬季和夏季实地调查以及对当地居民的询问进行详尽的照片解释来制作主要的雪崩制图。主要雪崩事件用于量化事件发生的次数，并开发了主要雪崩活动幅度指数（MAAMI）。该指数基于登记的主要雪崩数量及其在给定时间段内的估计频率，因此它可以量化主要雪崩发作或冬季的大小。此外，它可以比较给定山脉之间或山脉之间主要雪崩发作的幅度，并且在足够长的时间内，它可以分析时间趋势。重建了1995/96冬季至2013/14冬季的主要事件。还评估了它们的大小，频率和程度。在最近的19个冬季中，1996年1月22-23日和2月6-8日的发作是MAAMI值最高的季节，其次是2003年1月30-31日，2006年1月29日和2014年1月24-25日。为了分析整个20世纪，定义了一个简化的MAAMI，以便使用不太完整的数据集达到相同的目的，而准确性较低，则在整个20世纪的冬季时间分辨率下获得了相同的参数。同样，1995/96年冬季的MAAMI值最高，其次是1971 / 72、1974 / 75和1937/38冬季。通过对不同事件的空间范围进行分析，可以对导航区域进行精细划分，并提高我们对引起主要事件的大气模式及其气候解释的认识。在某些情况下，揭示了考虑在先前的准备期后引发一次重大雪崩发作的重要性。

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