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Herding surfactants to contract and thicken oil spills in pack ice for in situ burning

机译：放牧表面活性剂使收缩的冰块中的溢油收缩并增稠，以便就地燃烧

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摘要

In situ burning is an oil spill response option particularly suited to remote, ice-covered waters. The key to effective in situ burning is thick oil slicks. If ice concentrations are high, the ice can limit oil spreading and keep slicks thick enough to burn. In drift ice conditions and open water, oil spills can rapidly spread to become too thin to ignite. Fire-resistant booms can collect and keep slicks thick in open water; however, even light ice conditions make using booms challenging. A multi-year research project was initiated to study oil-herding surfactants as an alternative to booms for thickening slicks in light ice conditions for in situ burning. Small-scale laboratory experiments were completed in 2003 and 2005 to examine the idea of using herding agents to thicken oil slicks among loose pack ice for the purpose of in situ burning. Encouraging results prompted further mid-scale testing in 2006 and 2007 at the US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) in Hanover, NH; at Ohmsett, the National Oil Spill Response Research & Renewable Energy Test Facility in Leonardo, NJ; and, at the Fire Training Grounds in Prudhoe Bay, AK. The non-proprietary hydrocarbon-based herder formulation used in these experiments proved effective in considerably contracting oil slicks in brash and slush ice concentrations of up to 70% coverage. Slicks in excess of 3 mm thick, the minimum required for ignition of weathered crude oil on water, were routinely achieved. Herded slicks were ignited, and burned equally well in both brash and slush ice conditions at air temperatures as low as - 17 ℃ The burn efficiencies measured for the herded slicks were only slightly less than the theoretical maximums achievable for equivalent-sized, physically contained slicks on open water. Successful meso-scale field trials of the technique were carried out in the Barents Sea off Svalbard in the spring of 2008 as one facet of a large joint industry project on oil spill response in ice co-ordinated by SINTEF. The larger field experiment involved the release of 630 L of fresh Heidrun crude onto water in a large lead. The free-drifting oil was allowed to spread for 15 min until it was far too thin to ignite (0.4 mm), and then the hydrocarbon-based herder was applied around the slick periphery. The slick contracted and thickened for approximately 10 min at which time the upwind end was ignited. A 9-minute long burn ensued that consumed an estimated 90% of the oil. From 2007 to 2009 experiments were carried out in the laboratory and at CRREL comparing the efficacy of herding agents formulated with silicone-based surfactants, herding agents formulated with second-generation fluor-osurfactants, and the hydrocarbon-based herder. The results showed that the fluorosurfactant-based herders did not function better than the hydrocarbon-based herder; however, the new silicone surfactant formulations considerably outperformed the hydrocarbon-based herder. Most recently, experiments were conducted to determine if herding agents could: 1) improve skimming of spilled oil in drift ice; 2) clear oil from salt marshes; and, 3) improve the efficiency of dispersant application operations.
机译：原位燃烧是一种漏油响应选项，特别适合于偏远的冰雪覆盖的水域。有效原位燃烧的关键是浮油。如果冰的浓度很高，则冰会限制油的扩散，并使浮油的厚度足以燃烧。在流冰和开阔水域的情况下，漏油会迅速扩散，变得太稀而无法点燃。耐火喷杆可以在开阔的水中积聚并保持浮油的厚实；然而，即使是轻度的冰雪条件也使得使用动臂具有挑战性。启动了一个为期多年的研究项目，以研究油浸型表面活性剂，以代替在轻冰条件下增厚浮油以进行现场燃烧的喷杆。在2003年和2005年完成了小规模的实验室实验，以检验使用放牧剂使散装冰块中的浮油增稠以进行原位燃烧的想法。令人鼓舞的结果促使在2006年和2007年在新罕布什尔州汉诺威的美国陆军寒冷地区研究与工程实验室（CRREL）进行了进一步的中规模测试；在新泽西州莱昂纳多的国家漏油反应研究与可再生能源测试设施Ohmsett以及位于阿拉斯加普拉德霍湾的消防训练场。在这些实验中使用的非专有的基于烃的牧民配方被证明可以有效地使油污在收缩率高达70％的急冻和融雪中明显收缩。通常可以达到厚度超过3毫米的浮油，这是在水上点燃风化原油所需的最低限度。点燃成群的浮油，并在低至-17℃的空气温度下在苛刻和融雪条件下均能很好地燃烧。成群的浮油测得的燃烧效率仅略低于等效尺寸，物理上包含的浮油所能达到的理论最大值。在开阔的水面上。该技术于2008年春季在斯瓦尔巴特群岛的巴伦支海成功进行了中尺度的现场试验，这是SINTEF协调的一项大型联合工业项目的一部分，涉及冰中溢油反应。较大的田间试验涉及将630升新鲜的Heidrun原油释放到大铅水中。允许自由漂流的油散布15分钟，直到太稀而无法点燃（0.4毫米），然后将烃基牧民涂抹在光滑的外围。浮油收缩并增稠约10分钟，此时迎风端被点燃。随后燃烧了9分钟，消耗了估计90％的油。从2007年到2009年，在实验室和CRREL进行了实验，比较了用有机硅基表面活性剂配制的牧民剂，用第二代含氟表面活性剂配制的牧民和烃基牧民的功效。结果表明，基于氟表面活性剂的牧民的功能没有比基于烃类的牧民更好。但是，新的有机硅表面活性剂配方大大优于基于烃的牧民。最近，进行了实验以确定放牧剂是否可以：1）改善浮冰中溢油的撇除； 2）从盐沼中清除油； 3）提高分散剂的施用效率。

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  • 来源
    《Cold regions science and technology》 |2011年第2期|p.3-23|共21页
  • 作者

    Ian Buist; Steve Potter; Tim Nedwed; Joseph Mullin;

  • 作者单位

    SL Ross Environmental Research Ltd., 200-717 Belfast Rd., Ottawa, ON, Canada K1G OZ4;

    SL Ross Environmental Research Ltd., 200-717 Belfast Rd., Ottawa, ON, Canada K1G OZ4;

    ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, P.O. Box 2189, Houston, TX 7752-2189, USA;

    U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, 381 Elden Street, MS 4021, Herndon, VA 2017, USA;

  • 收录信息
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    herding agent; oil spill; pack ice; in situ burning;

    机译：牧民漏油事件;装冰原位燃烧;

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