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Numerical investigation of rain droplet impact on offshore wind turbine blades under different rainfall conditions: A parametric study

机译：不同降雨条件下雨滴对海上风力发电机叶片影响的数值研究：参数研究

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The leading edge of a fiber composite wind turbine blade (WTB) is prone to erosion damages due to repeated rain droplet impact during its service life. Such damages are critical to the blade's aerodynamic as well as structural performance, ultimately resulting in substantial repair costs. An effective design of a coating material for WTB is necessary and its analysis must include variables associated with erosive rain droplets such as (1) droplet diameter, (2) impact velocity, and (3) droplet impact angle. The present paper develops and validates a coupled fluid structure interaction (FSI) computational model for simulating rain droplet impact on WTBs, where the structure domain is modelled using conventional finite element method (FEM) and the fluid domain is modelled using smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH). The 3D numerical model, developed in LS-DYNA, is validated with published experimental results. Further, a parametric study is considered to understand the effects of varying droplet size, impact angles and impact velocities on the impact responses of the leading edge coating system subjected to different rainfall conditions. The rainfall conditions considered for the analysis correspond to four different rainfall intensities (I) - light rainfall (2 mm/hr), moderate rainfall (10 mm/hr), heavy rainfall (25 mm/hr), and very heavy rainfall (50 mm/hr). The results show that the impact responses on the coating system increase with increasing droplet size and increasing droplet impact angle with maximum impulses, stresses and damages developed for normal impingement (90 degrees). Also, the effects of droplet impact angles in the range of 50 degrees to 90 degrees are found critical for rainfall intensities representing very heavy rainfall conditions (I > 25 mm/hr). The results of the peak contact forces and impulses for the above combination of variables used in the numerical study are found in satisfactory agreement with analytical formulations developed through published experiments. Finally, repetitive rain droplet impact analyses are considered and number of impacts required for onset of erosion damages are found to increase by more than seven times upon reducing impact velocities from 140 m/s to 80 m/s for very heavy rainfall conditions (I > 25 mm/hr). The present study is expected to deliver a validated numerical model that can contribute towards enhancing the erosive capacity of a WTB.
机译：纤维复合材料风力涡轮机叶片（WTB）的前缘在使用寿命期间会因反复的雨滴撞击而容易受到腐蚀破坏。这样的损坏对于叶片的空气动力以及结构性能至关重要，最终导致大量的维修费用。必须为WTB设计有效的涂料，并且其分析必须包括与侵蚀性雨滴相关的变量，例如（1）雾滴直径，（2）撞击速度和（3）雾滴撞击角度。本文开发并验证了耦合流体结构相互作用（FSI）计算模型，用于模拟雨滴对WTB的影响，其中结构域使用常规有限元方法（FEM）建模，流体域使用光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）建模）。在LS-DYNA中开发的3D数值模型已通过已发布的实验结果进行了验证。此外，考虑进行参数研究以了解变化的液滴尺寸，撞击角度和撞击速度对经受不同降雨条件的前缘涂层系统的撞击响应的影响。分析所考虑的降雨条件对应于四种不同的降雨强度（I）-轻降雨（2 mm / hr），中降雨（10 mm / hr），强降雨（25 mm / hr）和极强降雨（50毫米/小时）。结果表明，对涂层系统的冲击响应随着液滴尺寸的增加和液滴冲击角的增加而增加，而最大冲击，应力和损伤是在正常冲击（90度）下产生的。而且，发现液滴冲击角在50度到90度范围内的影响对于代表非常强降雨条件（I> 25 mm / hr）的降雨强度至关重要。对于数值研究中使用的上述变量的组合，峰值接触力和脉冲的结果与通过公开的实验开发的分析公式令人满意地吻合。最后，考虑了重复的雨滴冲击分析，发现在非常强的降雨条件下，将冲击速度从140 m / s降低到80 m / s时，侵蚀破坏发生所需的冲击次数增加了七倍以上（I> 25毫米/小时）。预期本研究将提供一个经过验证的数值模型，该模型可以有助于增强WTB的侵蚀能力。

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