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Structural degradation of sands during cyclic liquefaction: Insight from DEM simulations

机译：循环液化过程中砂的结构退化：DEM模拟的启示

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摘要

The macro stress-strain responses of sands are closely related to the evolution of the force transmission network. In this paper, variations of the mechanical stability and reversibility of the force transmission network during the cyclic liquefaction process are explored using discrete element method (DEM) simulations. It is shown that sands degrade gradually from hyperstatic states to isostatic states during cyclic loading and become hypostatic when approaching liquefaction. During this process, the number of excessive contacts decreases gradually and the sample becomes unjammed. An effective and resilient force transmission network should contain enough mechanically stable particles to spread throughout the entire sample. Structural degradation during cyclic loading towards liquefaction is associated with decreasing reversibility of the force transmission network that is characterized by increasing mean squared displacement, increasing fraction of broken contacts and decreasing size of the largest force transmission network. Flow deformation and the development of significant double-amplitude axial strain are attributed to the inability of a large proportion of the broken contacts to re-form post-liquefaction. The size of the largest force transmission network (S-L) decays linearly with mean effective stress and there exists a critical value of S-L below which liquefaction will occur.
机译：砂土的宏观应力-应变响应与传力网络的演变密切相关。在本文中，使用离散元方法（DEM）模拟探索了循环液化过程中力传递网络的机械稳定性和可逆性的变化。结果表明，砂土在循环加载过程中会从高静态状态逐渐退化为等静状态，并在接近液化时变为低静态状态。在此过程中，过度接触的数量逐渐减少，样品变得不受干扰。有效且有弹性的力传递网络应包含足够的机械稳定颗粒，以分散到整个样品中。循环载荷向液化过程中的结构退化与力传递网络的可逆性降低有关，其特征在于均方位移增加，触点断开比例增加以及最大力传递网络的尺寸减小。流动变形和显着的双振幅轴向应变的发展归因于大部分断开的触头无法重新形成后液化。最大传力网络（S-L）的大小随平均有效应力线性衰减，并且存在一个S-L临界值，在该临界值以下会发生液化。

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