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首页> 外文期刊>Contemporary security policy >The Damoclean sword of offensive cyber: Policy uncertainty and collective insecurity
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The Damoclean sword of offensive cyber: Policy uncertainty and collective insecurity

机译：Damoclean进攻性网络之剑：政策不确定性和集体不安全感

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摘要

Cyberspace is a new domain of operation, with its own characteristics. Cyber weapons differ qualitatively from kinetic ones: They generate effects by non-kinetic means through information, technology, and networks. Their properties, opportunities, and constraints are comparable to the qualitative difference between conventional and nuclear weapons. New weapons and their target sets in a new domain raise a series of unresolved policy challenges at the domestic, bilateral, and international levels about deterrence, attribution, and response. They also introduce new risks: uncertainty about unintended consequences, expectations of efficacy, and uncertainty about both the target's and the international community's response. Cyber operations offer considerable benefits for states to achieve strategic objectives both covertly and overtly. However, without a strategic framework to contain and possibly deter their use, make state and non-state behavior more predictable in the absence of reciprocal norms, and limit their impact, an environment where states face persistent attacks that nonetheless fall below the threshold of armed conflict presents a policy dilemma that reinforces collective insecurity.
机译：网络空间是一个新的运营领域，具有自己的特点。网络武器在质量上与动力武器不同：它们通过信息，技术和网络以非动力方式产生作用。它们的性质，机会和局限性可与常规武器和核武器之间的质量差异相媲美。新武器及其在新领域的目标设定在国内，双边和国际各级提出了一系列有关威慑，归因和反应的未解决的政策挑战。它们还带来了新的风险：不确定后果的不确定性，对疗效的期望以及目标和国际社会对策的不确定性。网络运营为国家公开和公开地实现战略目标提供了可观的收益。但是，如果没有一个遏制并可能阻止其使用的战略框架，在没有互惠规范的情况下使国家和非国家行为更可预测，并限制其影响，在这种环境下，国家将面临持续的攻击，但仍低于武装分子的门槛冲突带来了加剧集体不安全感的政策困境。

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