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Supramolecular nanoreactors for catalysis

机译：超分子纳米反应器

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Supramolecular nanoreactors are inspired by Nature to benefit, as enzymes, from specific confinement in order to accelerate catalytic reactions and render them specific. They use supramolecular interactions with substrates including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, van der Waals and pi-pi interactions, steric effects, shape complementarity, and hydrophilic/hydrophobic effects, providing hydrophobic pockets, strong substrate binding therein, transition-state or intermediate stabilization, and weak product binding. These nanoreactors are reviewed in this article, also including some of the work conducted in our laboratory. After the seminal catalytic studies carried out with crown ethers and cryptands, various other cage compounds have been used including cyclophanes, cyclodextrins, calixarenes, cucurbiturils, Zn-porphyrin macrocycles, cavitands, capsules composed of resorcinarenes, carcerands or tetrahedral assemblies, surfactant-based micelles and vesicles, and more recently dendrimers used as unimolecular micelles and yolk-shell or nanorattle structures. A large number of catalytic reactions has been performed with increased yields and selectivities compared to analogous reactions conducted in the absence of nanoreactors. The amount of required catalyst for complete and selective substrate transformation can be as low as the ppm for several reactions as recently shown with "click" dendritic nanoreactors. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.
机译：超分子纳米反应器受到自然界的启发，从特定的限制中受益于酶，从而加速催化反应并使之具有特异性。他们使用与底物的超分子相互作用，包括氢键，静电，范德华和pi-pi相互作用，空间效应，形状互补性和亲水/疏水效应，从而提供疏水性口袋，牢固的底物结合力，过渡态或中间稳定性，以及产品结合力弱。本文对这些纳米反应器进行了综述，其中还包括在我们实验室中进行的一些工作。在对冠醚和穴状配体进行开创性催化研究后，已使用了其他各种笼型化合物，包括环烷，环糊精，杯芳烃，葫芦科，锌卟啉大环化合物，空泡蛋白，由间苯二酚芳烃，角叉菜胶或四面体组成的胶囊，基于表面活性剂的胶束和囊泡，以及最近被用作单分子胶束和卵黄壳或纳米晶结构的树枝状聚合物。与不存在纳米反应器的情况下进行的类似反应相比，已进行了大量的催化反应，产率和选择性都得到了提高。完全和选择性底物转化所需的催化剂量可低至几个反应的ppm，如最近用“点击”树状纳米反应器显示的那样。 （C）2016由Elsevier B.V.发布

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