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The Molecular Basis of Th2 Development

机译：Th2发育的分子基础

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In response to antigen stimulation, naïve T helper (Th) cells develop into highly polarized effector cells that mediate effective immune responses. Th1 cells promote cellular immunity and are characterized by the production of IFN-γ, whereas Th2 cells are important for humoral immunity and produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL- 13. Both Th1- and Th2-mediated immunities are important for the host's defense against infections. However, unbalanced Th1 and Th2 responses cause autoimmune and allergic diseases, respectively. Many factors, such as the type of antigen, antigen affinity or dose, costimulation signals and the cytokine milieu influence the Th1/Th2 balance. For example, IL-12 and IFN-γ are strong Th1-promoting cytokines, whereas IL-4 and IL-6 are cytokines that drive Th2 development. In addition, tissue-specific transcription factors exist that determine the commitment of Th1 and Th2 cells for the production of distinct profiles of cytokines. Recently, it has been shown that antigen presenting cells can instruct T-cell differentiation via a cytokine-independent Notch signaling pathway. Although much knowledge has been gained during the last decade about the molecular mechanisms that drive Th1/Th2 differentiation, many questions still remain open.
机译：响应抗原刺激，幼稚的T辅助（Th）细胞发展为高度极化的效应细胞，介导有效的免疫反应。 Th1细胞促进细胞免疫，并以产生IFN-γ为特征，而Th2细胞对体液免疫很重要，并产生IL-4，IL-5和IL-13。Th1-和Th2介导的免疫对于主机对感染的防御。但是，不平衡的Th1和Th2反应分别导致自身免疫和过敏性疾病。许多因素，例如抗原的类型，抗原亲和力或剂量，共刺激信号和细胞因子环境都会影响Th1 / Th2平衡。例如，IL-12和IFN-γ是强Th1促进细胞因子，而IL-4和IL-6是驱动Th2发育的细胞因子。此外，还存在组织特异性转录因子，这些因子决定Th1和Th2细胞在生产不同细胞因子方面的作用。最近，已经显示抗原呈递细胞可以通过不依赖细胞因子的Notch信号传导途径指导T细胞分化。尽管在过去十年中获得了许多有关驱动Th1 / Th2分化的分子机制的知识，但许多问题仍然悬而未决。

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