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Examining the causal impacts of tourism, globalization, economic growth and carbon emissions in tourism island territories: bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis

机译：审查旅游，全球化，经济增长和碳排放的因果影响，旅游岛屿领域：举自动宣传伙伴格兰杰因果关系分析

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In this paper, we examine the direction of causality between tourism, economic growth and carbon emissions in a multivariate framework that incorporates the newly introduced globalization index as an additional variable. In order to achieve the research objective, we employed panel Granger causality testing approach as suggested by Konya [(2006). Exports and growth: Granger causality analysis on OECD countries with a panel data approach. Economic Modelling, 23(6), 978-992] built on the Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Wald tests that account for heterogeneity, cross-sectional dependence, and also produces country-specific bootstrap critical values, for a panel of 16 small island developing countries over the periods 1995-2014. Regarding the direction of causality between the variables, empirical results provide evidence in support of demand-flowing and supply-leading hypotheses, and that factors that contribute to environment pollutions are more internal, particularly within the tourism island territories.
机译：在本文中，我们在多元框架中研究了旅游，经济增长和碳排放之间的因果关系方向，将新引入的全球化指数作为额外变量。为了实现研究目标，我们采用了Konya建议的小组格兰杰因果关系测试方法[（2006）。出口与增长：具有小组数据方法的经合组织国家的格兰杰因果关系分析。经济型号，23（6），978-992建立在看似无关的回归和沃尔德测试，该测试占异质性，横截面依赖性，也为16个小岛屿发展中国家面板产生了特定于国家特定的引导临界价值超过1995 - 2014年。关于变量之间的因果关系方向，经验结果提供了支持需求流动和供应领先的假设的证据，以及为环境污染有助于环境污染的因素更为内在，特别是在旅游岛屿领域。

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