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Diminishing Dualism: Gregory Bateson and the Case for Heterarchy

机译：减少二元主义：Gregory Bateson和杂等的情况

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The Cambridge (UK) Declaration on Consciousness, proclaimed on July 7, 2012 at a Conference on Consciousness in Human and Non-Human Animals, states that there is natural intelligence, and by implication, mind in nature. The declaration marks a significant shift from portraying animal agency through a mechanistic lens. Many years before Bateson had argued that the key to eliminating animal-human dualism lies in an understanding of communication processes, that is, recognition and investigation of an implicate order without which animate existence would not survive. The first part of this article will discuss how communication yields real world patterns to which natural intelligence responds. Bateson is supported in this argument by Ruth Garrett Millikan, the founder of Biosemantics, who also demonstrates how the grasping of natural signs in recursive relational patterns generates meaningful interactions. The second part of this paper concerns mapping of multiple levels of organic existence and how a notion of heterarchical order is linked to communication processes in and between these multiple levels. This important switch of reference stems from Bateson transposing Warren McCulloch's ideas about distributed memory. Bateson transforms McCulloch's technical (computer-oriented) insight into a means for mapping redundancy in levels of communication feedback. Recent publications by scholars influenced by Bateson's approach explain how communication processes coordinate non-transitive distribution of multiple layers of organization into heterarchies rather than hierarchies (Bruni & Giorgi, 2015, 2016). They show why the importance of the notion of heterarchy, with its dynamic synchronicity, has grown in recent years, especially in respect of the way in which genetics interrelates to microbiotic, epigenetic and environmental levels of organization. In addition, Nomura, Murunaba, Tomita, & Matsuno (2018) argue that synchronicity requires an altered understanding of temporality in the plant kingdom. An important addition to our understanding of time concerns the inter-subjective timing of organisms, as they negotiate localized coordination. The perspectives of inter-subjective time is one which extends beyond its usual correlates of subjectivity and objectivity, and modifies these perspectives that, until now, have fostered dualism. A final consideration is Bateson's move to diminish dualism through an understanding of holographic coding. Its resonance of downward causation permits communication to be informative in the whole econiche, so permitting re-entry of ecosystemic form in order to resist fragmentation and competition among its parts (Harries-Jones, 2016a). Wohlleben (2016) provides an empirical example of this Gaia-like performance.
机译：剑桥（英国）意识宣言，2012年7月7日宣布在人类和非人动物意识会议上，各国有自然智力，并通过暗示，心灵本质上。宣言标志着通过机械镜头描绘动物机构的重大转变。在Batateon之前多年来说，消除动物 - 人类二元化的关键在于了解通信过程，即对牵连顺序的认可和调查，没有动画存在不会生存。本文的第一部分将讨论通信如何产生自然智能响应的现实世界模式。 Bateson由Biosemantics的创始人Ruth Garrett Millikan支持这一论点，他还展示了递归关系模式的掌握自然迹象的掌握如何产生有意义的相互作用。本文的第二部分涉及多个水平的有机存在以及如何与这些多个级别之间和之间的通信过程相关联的映射。从Bateson转换Warren McCulloch的思想的这一重要交换机是关于分布式内存的想法。 Bateson将McCulloch的技术（计算机导向）洞察力变为用于在通信反馈级别中映射冗余的手段。最近受到Bateson方法影响的学者的出版物解释了通信过程如何将多个组织的非传递分布坐落成杂体而不是层次结构（Bruni＆Giorgi，2015,2016）。他们展示了近年来循环概念的概念概念的重要性，特别是在遗传学与微生物，表观遗传和环境水平之间相互关联的方式方面的方式增长。此外，Nomura，Murunaba，Tomita，＆Matsuno（2018）争辩说，同步性需要改变对植物王国的时间性。我们对时间的理解的重要补充涉及有机体的主观性正时，因为他们谈判本地化协调。主观间时间的观点是超出其通常对主观性和客观性的常规相关的视角，并修改了这些观点，直到现在，促进了二元主义。最后的考虑是Bateson通过理解全息编码来减少二元化。其对下降的共鸣允许沟通在整个econiche中是信息，因此允许重新进入生态系统形式，以抵抗其部分之间的碎片和竞争（哈里斯 - 琼斯，2016a）。 Wohlleben（2016）提供了这种类似Gaia的性能的实证例子。

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