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首页> 外文期刊>Denver Journal of International Law and Policy >HUMAN RIGHTS IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAWS IN INDIA: COMBATING TERRORISM WHILE PRESERVING CIVIL LIBERTIES
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HUMAN RIGHTS IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAWS IN INDIA: COMBATING TERRORISM WHILE PRESERVING CIVIL LIBERTIES

机译：印度国家安全法对人权的影响：在保护平民自由的同时打击恐怖主义

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摘要

Before and after September 11, 2001, national security and counter-terrorism concerns drove, and are still driving, nation states to introduce draconian aws and amendments curtailing or restricting citizens' fundamental rights in democracies. India, which has been afflicted with secessionist violence and terrorism in several of its states, passed POTA. This article defends the Indian NHRC's position that POTA was unnecessary. It proposes that the problem with anti-terrorist laws in India is not that they are lacking or less in number, but rather, that they are ineffectively implemented. Most forms of terrorist threats in India are effectively contemplated by already existing laws. Yet, just as in the case of the U.S. Patriot Acts, the Indian executive and Parliament enacted POTA without adequately assessing its necessity and potential impact on constitutional safeguards and other international human rights standards. Later developments, like the Supreme Court of India upholding the constitutional validity of POTA, while providing certain checks and balances in the enforcement of POTA and the new UPA government that came to power in India in May 2004 repealing POTA, have not changed the context of the debate. In fact the need for protecting human rights while preserving national security needs to be underlined as the government of India has unfortunately passed an ordinance amending certain provisions of an existing criminal legislation in the form of Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). Some of the provisions of this legislation are as draconian as the provisions of the POTA and hence, the human rights resistance in India needs to continue. This article gives a broad historical overview of the Indian legislation limiting human rights and highlights problematic aspects. A balance between countering terrorism and promoting human rights is attainable as long as the "reasonable" constitutional provision is developed and Indian law evolves in conjunction with the efforts of the inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations in protecting civil liberties while combating terrorism. The best human rights defense regarding national security laws is the prevention of abuse and erosion by improper and unwarranted government action. The test of any historical theory is its capability to interpret past events in ways that illuminate the present and help us see the path ahead. For example, in India, the executive abused both TADA and POTA, which were in many ways the UAPA's earlier equivalents. The voices that cry for vengeance urge us to renounce our commitments to protect human rights at all times, including the times when we are beset with terrorism and national insecurity of the gravest kind. It is during these challenging times that we need to rise to the occasion and not forget the past.
机译：在2001年9月11日前后，对国家安全和反恐的关注驱使并仍在推动着民族国家引入严厉的法令和修正案，这些修正案削减或限制了民主国家的公民基本权利。在几个邦遭受分裂主义暴力和恐怖主义困扰的印度通过了POTA。本文捍卫了印度国家人权委员会的立场，即不需要POTA。它提出印度反恐法律的问题不是缺乏或数量较少，而是没有有效执行。现有法律已有效考虑了印度大多数形式的恐怖威胁。但是，就像美国《爱国者法案》一样，印度行政机关和国会在未充分评估其对宪法保障和其他国际人权标准的必要性和潜在影响的情况下颁布了POTA。后来的事态发展，例如印度最高法院维护POTA的宪法效力，同时在POTA的执行和2004年5月在印度上台的UPA新政府废除POTA方面提供了一定的制衡，但并未改变辩论。实际上，需要强调保护人权同时维护国家安全的必要性，因为印度政府不幸通过了一项法令，以《非法活动（预防）法》（UAPA）的形式修改了现有刑事立法的某些规定。该立法的某些条款与POTA的条款一样严厉，因此，印度的人权抵制需要继续。本文对印度限制人权的立法进行了广泛的历史回顾，并着重指出了有问题的方面。只要制定了“合理的”宪法规定，并且印度法律是在政府间组织和非政府组织在打击恐怖主义的同时保护公民自由的努力的共同作用下发展起来的，那么在反恐与增进人权之间就可以达到平衡。关于国家安全法，最好的人权辩护是防止不当和无理的政府行动造成的滥用和侵蚀。任何历史理论的考验都是其以阐明当前并帮助我们看到前进道路的方式解释过去事件的能力。例如，在印度，高管滥用了TADA和POTA，这在许多方面都与UAPA的早期版本相当。要求复仇的声音敦促我们在任何时候都放弃保护人权的承诺，包括在我们被恐怖主义和最严重的国家不安全困扰的时候。在这些充满挑战的时期，我们需要抓住机会，不要忘记过去。

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