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Qatar water challenges

机译：卡塔尔水资源挑战

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Qatar has experienced rapid economic growth due to the discovery and production of fuel oil and natural gas (NG). The natural renewable water resources (rainfall and groundwater [GW]) are depleted; and are estimated as 71-m~3/per year per capita in 2005. This is far below the water poverty line of 1,000-m~3/yca. The GW withdrawal is excessive (compared to replenishment) and is used mainly for irrigation. A very small amount of GW is treated to become potable water and is distributed to consumers. The municipal potable water mainly contains (99%) desalted seawater (DW) and 1% GW. The consumption of DW and electric power (EP) is continuously rising due to the increase in both population and the standard of living. The population have been more than doubled from 2000 to 2010. The DW is produced in power plants generating both EP and DW, and is called Cogeneration Power Desalting Plants (CPDP). These CPDPs are using either: simple gas turbines (GT) cycle or GT combined with steam turbine (ST) to form a GT combined cycle (GTCC). A thermally driven multi-stage flash (MSF) desalting system is mainly used to desalt seawater. Large MSF units are operated in the CPDP to get their thermal energy (as steam) needs either from: (ⅰ) heat recovery steam generators coupled with GT or (ⅱ) steam extracted or discharged from the ST of the GTCC. The CPDPs consume large amounts of fossil fuel (FF), mainly NG. The burning FF pollutes the environment by emitting the carbon dioxide (CO_2), carbon monoxides, and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The CO_2 and NOx are greenhouse gases causing global warming. Raising the efficiencies of EP and DW production can reduce their negative impact on the environment. The sus-tainability of water in Qatar is questionable: the extracted GW is several times its replenishment rate. The municipal water supply depends almost on desalting seawater by MSF, which is energy intensive and costly process. Deploying a more energy-efficient desalting system such as Seawater Reverse Osmosis system can save a lot of NG, the nation's main source of income. The use of treated wastewater (TWW) is limited to some agriculture and landscaping. The ratio of TWW to municipal water supply is low, about 25%. It is also essential to promote conservation measures for both water and power. This paper reviews the water profile in Qatar and recommends solutions to solve the growing water scarcity in Qatar.
机译：由于发现和生产燃油和天然气（NG），卡塔尔经历了快速的经济增长。天然的可再生水资源（降雨和地下水[GW]）已枯竭；并在2005年估计为人均71-m〜3 /年。这远远低于1000-m〜3 / yca的水资源贫困线。 GW抽水过多（与补给相比），主要用于灌溉。极少量的GW被处理为可饮用水，并分配给消费者。市政饮用水主要包含（99％）淡化海水（DW）和1％GW。由于人口和生活水平的提高，DW和电力（EP）的消耗持续增长。从2000年到2010年，人口增长了两倍多。DW是在同时产生EP和DW的发电厂中生产的，被称为热电联产淡水厂（CPDP）。这些CPDP使用的是：简单燃气轮机（GT）循环或GT与蒸汽轮机（ST）组合以形成GT联合循环（GTCC）。热驱动多级闪蒸（MSF）脱盐系统主要用于海水淡化。大型MSF装置在CPDP中运行，以从以下方式获取其热能（作为蒸汽）：（ⅰ）与GT耦合的热回收蒸汽发生器，或（ⅱ）从GTCC的ST抽出或排出的蒸汽。 CPDP消耗大量的化石燃料（FF），主要是NG。燃烧的FF通过排放二氧化碳（CO_2），一氧化碳和氮氧化物（NOx）污染环境。 CO_2和NOx是导致全球变暖的温室气体。提高EP和DW生产的效率可以减少它们对环境的负面影响。卡塔尔水的可持续性值得怀疑：提取的GW是其补充率的几倍。市政供水几乎依赖无国界医生对海水进行脱盐处理，这是一种能源密集且成本高昂的过程。部署更节能的海水淡化系统（例如海水反渗透系统）可以节省大量的NG，这是该国的主要收入来源。处理废水（TWW）的使用仅限于某些农业和景观美化。 TWW与市政供水的比例很低，约为25％。促进水和电力保护措施也很重要。本文回顾了卡塔尔的水资源状况，并提出了解决卡塔尔日益严重的水资源短缺问题的解决方案。

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