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Redefining the transparency order

机译：重新定义透明度顺序

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摘要

In this paper, we consider the multi-bit Differential Power Analysis (DPA) in the Hamming weight model. In this regard, we revisit the definition of Transparency Order () from the work of Prouff (FSE 2005) and find that the definition has certain limitations. Although this work has been quite well referred in the literature, surprisingly, these limitations remained unexplored for almost a decade. We analyse the definition from scratch, modify it and finally provide a definition with better insight that can theoretically capture DPA in Hamming weight model for hardware implementation with precharge logic. At the end, we confront the notion of (revised) transparency order with attack simulations in order to study to what extent the low transparency order of an s-box impacts the efficiency of a side channel attack against its processing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such a critical analysis is conducted (even considering the original notion of Prouff). It practically confirms that the transparency order is indeed related to the resistance of the s-box against side-channel attacks, but it also shows that it is not sufficient alone to directly achieve a satisfying level of security. Regarding this point, our conclusion is that the (revised) transparency order is a valuable criterion to consider when designing a cryptographic algorithm, and even if it does not preclude to also use classical countermeasures like masking or shuffling, it enables to improve their effectiveness.
机译：在本文中，我们考虑了汉明权重模型中的多位差分功率分析（DPA）。在这方面，我们从Prouff（FSE 2005）的工作中重新审视了透明度命令（）的定义，发现该定义具有某些局限性。尽管这项工作在文献中得到了很好的引用，但令人惊讶的是，这些限制在近十年来一直未得到探索。我们从头开始分析定义，对其进行修改，最后提供一个具有更深刻见解的定义，该定义可从理论上捕获汉明权重模型中的DPA，以实现具有预充电逻辑的硬件。最后，我们通过攻击模拟来面对（修订的）透明顺序的概念，以便研究s-box的低透明顺序在多大程度上影响了旁道攻击对其处理的效率。据我们所知，这是第一次进行这样的批判性分析（即使考虑到Prouff的原始概念）。它实际上证实了透明顺序确实与s-box抵抗侧信道攻击有关，但是它也表明，仅凭这种顺序不足以直接实现令人满意的安全级别。关于这一点，我们的结论是（修订后的）透明顺序是设计密码算法时要考虑的有价值的标准，即使它不排除也使用诸如屏蔽或混洗之类的经典对策，也可以提高其有效性。

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